Research Article
The Relationship of Postpartum Acute Stress With Perceived Social Support and Depression Symptom Level
Abstract
Purpose:The research was conducted to determine the relationship between postpartum acute stress, social support and depressive symptom level and depression.
Patients and Methods:This descriptive study was conducted with 280 primiparous women who childbirth in a public hospital in Istanbul. The data were collected by general information form, Acute Stress Symptom Severity Scale (National Stressful Events Survey Acute Stress Disorder Short Scale-NSESSS), Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The data were analysed by the SPSS program.
Results:The mean age of the women included in the study was 24.75 ± 4.75, 13.6% of the women worked regularly, 62.1% lived in the small family, 19.3% experienced at least one traumatic event during their life, 2.9% had a history of domestic violence and 60.4% had normal vaginal birth. The total score point mean for NSESSS was found to be statistically significant, higher in the event of domestic violence (p<0.05) and lower in the case of breastfeeding the baby only (p<0.05) It was found that the women in the study had increased the level of acute stress as the social support level decreased (p<0.05) and the depressive symptoms increased as the acute stress level increased (p<0.05)
Conclusion:It was determined that women\'s lack of social support increased the level of acute stress symptoms and depressive symptoms increased as acute stress increased. Therefore, especially women with low social support and other risky women should be closely follow-up by healthcare professionals in the postpartum period.
References
- 1-Ayers S: Birth trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: the importance of risk and resilience. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 2017; 35(5):427-430.https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2017.1386874
- 2-Güdücü N, Kayan BÖ, İşçi H, Başgül Yiğiter A, Dünder İ: Sezeryan ve Normal Doğum Yapan Kadınlarda Pospartum Posttravmatik Stres Bozukluğu. JOPP Derg 2013; 5(3):114-117. https://doi.org/10.5222/JOPP.2013.114.
- 3-Stramrood C, Slade PA: Woman Afraid of Becoming Pregnant Again: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Childbirth. Paarlberg KM, Van de Wiel HBM, eds. Bio-Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology. Switzerland., Springer; 2017, s. 33-47.
- 4-APA, American Psychological Association (APA), https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm Erişi tarihi: 01.10.2019
- 5-Grekin R, O’Hara MW: Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analsis. Clinical Psychology Review 2014; 34:389-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.003
- 6-Meltzer-Brody S, Larsen JT, Petersen L, Guintivano J, Florio AD, Miller WC, Sullivan PF, Munk-Olsen T: Adverse life events increase risk for postpartum psychiatric episodes: A population-based epidemiologic study. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35(2):160-167. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22697
- 7-Yalnız H, Canan F, Etki Genç R, Kuloğlu MM, Geçici Ö: Travmatik Doğum Algısı Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi. Turk Med J. 2016; 8(3):81-88. https://dx.doi.org/10.5505/ttd.2016.40427
- 8-Ayers S: Fear of childbirth, postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder and midwifery care. Midwifery 2014; 30:145-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.12.001
- 9-Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgram J: Non- psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. Lancet 2014; 384:1775-1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61276-9
- 10-Durukan E, İlhan MN, Bumin MA, Sefer A: 2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Balkan Med J 2011; 28:385-393. https://doi.org/10.5174/tutfd.2010.04117.3.
- 11-Bayri Bingol F, Demirgoz Bal M: The risk factors for postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020;1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12501
- 12-Capik A, Durmaz H: Fear of Childbirth, Postpartum Depression, and Birth-Related Variables as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Childbirth. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2018;15(6):455-463. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12326
- 13-Güdücü N, Kayan BÖ, İşçi H, Başgül Yiğiter A, Dünder İ: Sezeryan ve Normal Doğum Yapan Kadınlarda Pospartum Posttravmatik Stres Bozukluğu. JOPP Derg 2013; 5(3):114-117. https://doi.org/10.5222/JOPP.2013.114.
- 14- Aşçıbaşı K, Çökmüş Poyraz F, Aydemir Ö: DSM-5 Akut Stres Belirti Şiddeti Ölçeği Türkçe Formunu geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikyatri Dergisi 2017; 18(ek2):38-44. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.237985.
- 15-Eker D, Arkar H: Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin Faktör Yapısı, Geçerlilik ve Güvenirliği. Türk Psikologlar Dergisi 1995; 10(34):45-55.
- 16-Engindeniz, A. N, Küey, L, Kültür, S: Edinburgh doğum sonrası depresyon ölçeği Türkçe formu geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Bahar Sempozyumları 1996; 1: 51-52.
- 17-Kendall-Tackett K: Birth Trauma: The Causes and Consequences of Childbirth-Related Trauma and PTSD. Barnes D, eds. Women’s Reproductive Mental Health Across the Lifespan. Springer Publishing, 2015, Switzerland.
- 18-Aktaş S, Pasinlioğlu T: Ebelere verilen empati eğitiminin postpartum dönemdeki annelerin beklentilerini karşılama, doğumu ve ebeyi algılama düzeyine etkisi. Jinekoloji- Obstetrik ve Neonataloji Tıp Dergisi 2017; 14(2):60-65.
- 19-Arslantaş H, Ergin F, Akdolun Balkaya N: Aydın İl Merkezinde Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Sıklığı ve İlişkili Risk Etmenleri. ADU Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2009; 10(3):13-22.
- 20-O’Donovan A, Alcorn KL, Patrick JC, Creedy DK, Dawe S, Devilly GJ: Predicting posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth. Midwifery 2014; 30: 935-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2014.03.011.
- 21-Poçan GA, Aki ÖE, Parlakgümüş AH, Dolgun AB: The Incidence of and Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression at an Urban Maternity Clinic in Turkey. Int J Psychiatry Med 2013; 46(2):179-194. https://doi.org/10.2190/PM.46.2.e.
- 22-Urizar GG, Yim IS, Rodriguez A, Dunkel Schetter C: The SMART Moms Program: A Randomized Trial of the Impact of Stress Management on Perceived Stress and Cortisol in Low-Income Pregnant Women. Psychoneuroendocriology 2019; 104:174-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.022
- 23-Lin PY, Chiu TH, Ho M, Chang JPC, Su KP: Major depressive episodes during pregnancy and after childbirth: A prospective longitudinal study in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2019; 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.03.003
- 24-Meltzer-Brody S, Maegbaek ML, Medland SE, Miller WC, Sullivan P, Munk-Olsen T: Obstetrical, pregnancy and socio-economic predictors for new-onset severe postpartum psychiatric disorders in primiparous women. Psychol Med 2017; 47(8):1427-41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716003020.
- 25-Bell AF, Andersson E: The birth experience and women’s postnatal depression: A systematic review. Midwifery 2016; 39:12-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.04.014
- 26-Abdollahpour S, Mousavi SA, Motaghi Z, Keramat A, Khosravi A: Prevalence and risk factors for developing traumatic childbirth in Iran. Journal of Public Health 2017; 25(3):275-280.
- 27-Dikmen Yıldız P, Ayers S, Phillips L: Depression, anxiety, PTSD and comorbidity in perinatal women in Turkey: A longitudinal population-based study. Midwifery 2017; 55:29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.09.001
- 28-Wouk K, Stuebe A, Meltzer-Brody S: Postpartum Mental Health and Breastfeeding Practices: An Analysis Using the 2010–2011 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Matern Child Health J 2017; 21(3): 636–647.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-2150-6
- 29-Vossbeck-Elsebusch A, Freisfeld C, Ehring T: Predictors of posttraumaticstress symptoms following childbirth. BMC Psychiatry 2014; (16)14:200. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-200.
- 30-İşbir GG, İnci F: Travmatik Doğum ve Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları. KASHED. (2014); 1(1):29-40.
- 31-Ford E, Ayers S: Stressful events and support during birth: The effect on anxiety, mood and perceived control. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009; 23:260-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.07.009.
- 32-Söderquist J, Wijma B, Thorbert G, Wijma K: Risk factors in pregnancy for post-traumatic stress and depression after childbirt. BJOG 2009; 116(5):672-680.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02083.x
Year 2021,
Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 502 - 509, 01.04.2021
Abstract
Amaç:Araştırma postpartum akut stresin, sosyal destek ve depresif belirti düzeyi ile ilişkisini belirlemek amacı ile yapılmıştır.
Hastalar ve Yöntem:Tanımlayıcı tipte olan bu araştırma, İstanbul’da bir kamu hastanesinde doğum yapan ve postpartum 1. ayda olan 280 primipar kadınla yapılmıştır. Veriler Genel Bilgi Formu, Akut Stres Belirti Şiddeti Ölçeği (ASBÖ), Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği (EDSDÖ) ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği (ÇBASDÖ) ile toplanmıştır. Veriler SPSS programı ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular:Araştırma kapsamına alınan kadınların yaş ortalaması 24.75±4.75, kadınların %13.6’sının düzenli bir işte çalıştığı, %62.1’i çekirdek ailede yaşadığı, %19.3’ü yaşam boyunca en az 1 kez travmatik olayla karşılaştığı %2.9’u aile içi şiddet öyküsünün olduğu ve %60.4’ünün normal doğum yaptığı belirlendi. ASBÖ toplam puan ortalaması istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde, aile içi şiddet yaşama durumunda daha yüksek olduğu (p<0.05) ve bebeğini yalnızca anne sütü ile besleme durumunda ise daha düşük olduğu (p<0.05) belirlendi. Araştırmada yer alan kadınların sosyal destek düzeyi azaldıkça akut stres düzeyinin arttığı (p=0.001), akut stres düzeyi arttıkça depresif belirtilerinin de arttığı (p<0.001) saptandı.
Sonuç:Kadınların sosyal destek eksikliğinin akut stres belirti düzeyini artırdığı ve akut stres arttıkça depresif belirtilerin de arttığı belirlendi. Bu nedenle özellikle sosyal desteği düşük olan kadınların ve diğer riskli kadınları, postpartum dönemde sağlık çalışanları tarafından daha yakından takip etmelidir.
References
- 1-Ayers S: Birth trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: the importance of risk and resilience. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 2017; 35(5):427-430.https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2017.1386874
- 2-Güdücü N, Kayan BÖ, İşçi H, Başgül Yiğiter A, Dünder İ: Sezeryan ve Normal Doğum Yapan Kadınlarda Pospartum Posttravmatik Stres Bozukluğu. JOPP Derg 2013; 5(3):114-117. https://doi.org/10.5222/JOPP.2013.114.
- 3-Stramrood C, Slade PA: Woman Afraid of Becoming Pregnant Again: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Childbirth. Paarlberg KM, Van de Wiel HBM, eds. Bio-Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology. Switzerland., Springer; 2017, s. 33-47.
- 4-APA, American Psychological Association (APA), https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm Erişi tarihi: 01.10.2019
- 5-Grekin R, O’Hara MW: Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analsis. Clinical Psychology Review 2014; 34:389-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.003
- 6-Meltzer-Brody S, Larsen JT, Petersen L, Guintivano J, Florio AD, Miller WC, Sullivan PF, Munk-Olsen T: Adverse life events increase risk for postpartum psychiatric episodes: A population-based epidemiologic study. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35(2):160-167. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22697
- 7-Yalnız H, Canan F, Etki Genç R, Kuloğlu MM, Geçici Ö: Travmatik Doğum Algısı Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi. Turk Med J. 2016; 8(3):81-88. https://dx.doi.org/10.5505/ttd.2016.40427
- 8-Ayers S: Fear of childbirth, postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder and midwifery care. Midwifery 2014; 30:145-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.12.001
- 9-Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgram J: Non- psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. Lancet 2014; 384:1775-1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61276-9
- 10-Durukan E, İlhan MN, Bumin MA, Sefer A: 2 Hafta-18 Aylık Bebeği Olan Annelerde Postpartum Depresyon Sıklığı ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Balkan Med J 2011; 28:385-393. https://doi.org/10.5174/tutfd.2010.04117.3.
- 11-Bayri Bingol F, Demirgoz Bal M: The risk factors for postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020;1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12501
- 12-Capik A, Durmaz H: Fear of Childbirth, Postpartum Depression, and Birth-Related Variables as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Childbirth. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2018;15(6):455-463. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12326
- 13-Güdücü N, Kayan BÖ, İşçi H, Başgül Yiğiter A, Dünder İ: Sezeryan ve Normal Doğum Yapan Kadınlarda Pospartum Posttravmatik Stres Bozukluğu. JOPP Derg 2013; 5(3):114-117. https://doi.org/10.5222/JOPP.2013.114.
- 14- Aşçıbaşı K, Çökmüş Poyraz F, Aydemir Ö: DSM-5 Akut Stres Belirti Şiddeti Ölçeği Türkçe Formunu geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikyatri Dergisi 2017; 18(ek2):38-44. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.237985.
- 15-Eker D, Arkar H: Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin Faktör Yapısı, Geçerlilik ve Güvenirliği. Türk Psikologlar Dergisi 1995; 10(34):45-55.
- 16-Engindeniz, A. N, Küey, L, Kültür, S: Edinburgh doğum sonrası depresyon ölçeği Türkçe formu geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Bahar Sempozyumları 1996; 1: 51-52.
- 17-Kendall-Tackett K: Birth Trauma: The Causes and Consequences of Childbirth-Related Trauma and PTSD. Barnes D, eds. Women’s Reproductive Mental Health Across the Lifespan. Springer Publishing, 2015, Switzerland.
- 18-Aktaş S, Pasinlioğlu T: Ebelere verilen empati eğitiminin postpartum dönemdeki annelerin beklentilerini karşılama, doğumu ve ebeyi algılama düzeyine etkisi. Jinekoloji- Obstetrik ve Neonataloji Tıp Dergisi 2017; 14(2):60-65.
- 19-Arslantaş H, Ergin F, Akdolun Balkaya N: Aydın İl Merkezinde Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Sıklığı ve İlişkili Risk Etmenleri. ADU Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2009; 10(3):13-22.
- 20-O’Donovan A, Alcorn KL, Patrick JC, Creedy DK, Dawe S, Devilly GJ: Predicting posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth. Midwifery 2014; 30: 935-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2014.03.011.
- 21-Poçan GA, Aki ÖE, Parlakgümüş AH, Dolgun AB: The Incidence of and Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression at an Urban Maternity Clinic in Turkey. Int J Psychiatry Med 2013; 46(2):179-194. https://doi.org/10.2190/PM.46.2.e.
- 22-Urizar GG, Yim IS, Rodriguez A, Dunkel Schetter C: The SMART Moms Program: A Randomized Trial of the Impact of Stress Management on Perceived Stress and Cortisol in Low-Income Pregnant Women. Psychoneuroendocriology 2019; 104:174-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.022
- 23-Lin PY, Chiu TH, Ho M, Chang JPC, Su KP: Major depressive episodes during pregnancy and after childbirth: A prospective longitudinal study in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2019; 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.03.003
- 24-Meltzer-Brody S, Maegbaek ML, Medland SE, Miller WC, Sullivan P, Munk-Olsen T: Obstetrical, pregnancy and socio-economic predictors for new-onset severe postpartum psychiatric disorders in primiparous women. Psychol Med 2017; 47(8):1427-41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716003020.
- 25-Bell AF, Andersson E: The birth experience and women’s postnatal depression: A systematic review. Midwifery 2016; 39:12-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.04.014
- 26-Abdollahpour S, Mousavi SA, Motaghi Z, Keramat A, Khosravi A: Prevalence and risk factors for developing traumatic childbirth in Iran. Journal of Public Health 2017; 25(3):275-280.
- 27-Dikmen Yıldız P, Ayers S, Phillips L: Depression, anxiety, PTSD and comorbidity in perinatal women in Turkey: A longitudinal population-based study. Midwifery 2017; 55:29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.09.001
- 28-Wouk K, Stuebe A, Meltzer-Brody S: Postpartum Mental Health and Breastfeeding Practices: An Analysis Using the 2010–2011 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Matern Child Health J 2017; 21(3): 636–647.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-2150-6
- 29-Vossbeck-Elsebusch A, Freisfeld C, Ehring T: Predictors of posttraumaticstress symptoms following childbirth. BMC Psychiatry 2014; (16)14:200. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-200.
- 30-İşbir GG, İnci F: Travmatik Doğum ve Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları. KASHED. (2014); 1(1):29-40.
- 31-Ford E, Ayers S: Stressful events and support during birth: The effect on anxiety, mood and perceived control. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009; 23:260-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.07.009.
- 32-Söderquist J, Wijma B, Thorbert G, Wijma K: Risk factors in pregnancy for post-traumatic stress and depression after childbirt. BJOG 2009; 116(5):672-680.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02083.x
There are 32 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Obstetrics and Gynaecology |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 1, 2021 |
| Submission Date | December 9, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021Volume: 12 Issue: 2 |
