Abstract
Homosexuality is one of the most discussed dimensions of humans sexual life. It was accepted as a disease category, starting from the end of the 19th Century, and efforts were spent to cure it, until removed from being a disease category by the World Health Organization, in the year 1992. Nevertheless, negative attitudes and judgments, connected to various beliefs, considering homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder, a perversion, a disease or a degenerate behavior, are encountered in every segment of the society.It can be seen in many researches that homosexual individuals are discriminated and stigmatized because of negative attitudes and viewpoints. An important reason that lies behind the negative attitudes and viewpoints towards homosexuality is homophobia. Homophobia is an expression used to describe the fear or negative feelings and attitudes towards homosexuals or the concept of homosexuality. Homosexuals are subjected to humiliation in all societies in which homophobia is displayed in an open manner, or most frequently in an implicit manner. As each culture have some norms related to sexual orientation, attitudes about this issue reflect on the behaviors of individuals in Turkish society also. The outlooks of healthcare professionals on this issue affects from the viewpoint of the society. In the studies it is shown that homophobic attitudes and behaviors are also common among healthcare professionals, their knowledge about homosexuality and sex is insufficient and as a result homosexual individuals might be mistreated in the healthcare system. Homosexual individuals dont trust the principle of privacy of the healthcare system because of the negative attitudes of healthcare professionals and therefore, they hold off benefiting from healthcare services.
Keywords
References
- Balsam K, Mohr J. Adaptation to Sexsual Oriantation Stigma: A Comprasion of Biseksüel and Lesbian/ Gay Adults. Journal of Counseling Pschology 2007; 3: 306-319.
- Kaos GI. Homophobia in the Media Last, Ayrıntılı Basımevi 2010: 1-15.
- Minuto V. Shame of Homosexuality and Overcoming This Shame, Happiness/ Unhappiness Of Gay And Lesbian 2007: 8-16.
- Yıldız S, Atamer A, Yavuz MF. Correlates of negative attitudes of undergraduate students towards gay men and lesbians 2003; 136: 290.
- Vern L, Bullough A. Sex and the Medical Model. The Journal of Sex Research 1975.11: 291-303.
- Freud S, Eğrilmez A. çeviren.: Mental Sources of a Woman Homosexuality Fact. Freud Kitaplığı Olgu Öyküleri, Payel Kitabevi; 1920: 321-357.
- Freud S. Historical notes: a letter from Freud Am J Psychiatry 1951;107:786-787.
- Berrill KT. Antigay violence and victimization in the United States: an overview, in Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Edited by Herek GM, Berrill KT. Newbury Park, CA, Sage; 1992: 19-45.
- Berrill KT, Herek GM. Primary and secondary victimization in anti- gay hate crimes: Offical response and public policy: in Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Edited by Herek GM, Berrill KT. Newbury Park, CA, Sage; 1992: 289-305.
- Yüksel Ş. Approach to Homosexuality, Social Exclusion and Mental Health Problems. Kaos GL Dergisi, Ankara; 2010: 36-38.
- Siegel K, Krauss B, Kara D. Reporting recent sexual practices: gay men’s disclosure of HIV risk by questionnaire and interview. Arch Sex Behav 1994; 23:217-30.
- Smith G, Bartlett A, King M. Treatments of homosexuality in Britain since the 1950s—an oral history: the experience of patients; 2004: 328(7437):427.
- Kaplan HI, Sadock B. Synopsis of psychiatry, 8th edition. Williams&Wilkins: Maryland, USA 1998.
- Dean L, Mayer IH, Robinson K, Sell RL, Sember R, Silenzio VMB. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender health: findings and concerns. J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 2000; 101-51.
- Dixon-Woods M, Regan J, Robertson N, Young B, Cord C, Tobin M. Teaching and learning about human sexuality in undergraduate medical education. Med Educ 2002; 36:432-40.
- Güner U. Human rights report of LGBTT individuals, Ankara: Ayrıntı Basımevi, 2009; 35-45.
- Tamam L, Akbaş D, Özpoyraz N. Homosexuality and Suicide, a Case Report, Kriz Dergisi 1997; 5: 33-36.
- Doğan S, Doğan M, Beştepe E, Eker E. Improvement of homosexuality attitude scale, validity-credibility work. Anatolian Journal on Psyciatric 2008; 9: 84-90.
- Hart TA, Heinberg RG. Presenting problems among treatment- seeking gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2001; 57: 615-627
- Dall’Orto G. La Fenice, Milano: Babilonia, 1996:105.
- Franzoi SL. Social Psychology. (3.Ed.) Ch.8, Prejudice and Discrimination. NY: McGraw-Hill, 2003:85-92.
- Aydın O. Project on colors of life, law and discrimination report; Ankara 2007.
- Mitrani A. Negative Attitudes Towards Homosexuals: Features Related to Occupational Groups , Adli Bilimler Dergisi 2008; 7:23-30.
- Logan C. Homophobia, homoprejudice. Journal of Homosexuality 1996;31:31-53.
- McNair R, Ruthborn L. The politics of inclusion of lesbian health into medical education. National Women’s Health Conference, Melbourne; 2001. 40-47.
- Vincke J, Heerinden K.: Suicidal acts and ideation in homosexual and bisexual young people: a study of prevelance and risk factors, Social Psychatry epidemiology 2000; 35: 494-9.
- Cüceloğlu D. Human and behavior, Remzi Kitabevi, 1993: 326-400.
- Candansayar S. Medicalizing the Sexuality as an Otherizing Practice, and Homosexuality. International Anti-Homophobia Meeting, Anti Homofobi Kitabı. Ankara: Ayrıntı Basımevi, 2009: 69-72.
- Herek GM. The psychology of sezual prejudice. Current directions in psychological Science 2000; 9: 19-22.
- Sakallı N. The relatiı-onship betweon secion and attitudes toword homosexcuality a somple of turkish college student journal of Homosexcuality 2002; 42.
- Sanchez NF, Rabat, J, Sanchez IP, Hubbard S. Kalet A. Medical Students Ability to Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Patients. Medical Student Education 2006; 38(1).
- Bjorkman M, Malterud K. Being lesbian - does the doctor need to know. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2007; 25: 58-62.
Abstract
Eşcinsellik, insan cinsel yaşamının üzerinde çok tartışılan boyutlarından biridir. Yoğun tartışmalar sonucunda XIX. Yüzyıl sonlarından başlayarak bir hastalık kategorisi olarak kabul edilmiş, 1992 yılında Dünya Sağlık Örgütünce hastalık kategorisi olmaktan çıkarılıncaya kadar tedavi edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna rağmen toplumun her kesiminde eşcinselliğin psikiyatrik bir bozukluk, sapkınlık, hastalık veya dejenere bir davranış olduğuna dair çeşitli inançlara bağlı olumsuz tutum ve yargılara rastlanmaktadır. Olumsuz tutum ve yargılar nedeniyle eşcinsel bireylerin ayrımcılık ve damgalamaya uğradıkları çok sayıda araştırmada gösterilmektedir. Eşcinsellere karşı gösterilen olumsuz tutum ve yargıların altında yatan önemli bir neden homofobidir. Homofobi; homoseksüellere ya da homoseksüalite kavramına karşı korku ya da olumsuz his ve tutumlar anlamında kullanılan bir terimdir. Heteroseksüeliteyi tercih etmeyen homoseksüeller; homofobinin açık ya da çoğu zaman örtülü biçimde sergilendiği tüm toplumlarda aşağılanmalara maruz kalırlar. Her kültürün cinsel yönelimler konusunda normları olduğu gibi Türk toplumunda da bu konudaki tutumlar bireylerin davranışlarına yansımaktadır. Sağlık çalışanlarının konuya bakışları toplumun bakış açısından etkilenmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalarda, homofobik tutum ve davranışların sağlık çalışanlarında da yaygın olduğu, sağlık çalışanlarının aldıkları eğitim süresince eşcinsellik ve cinsellik ile ilgili yetersiz bilgi sahibi oldukları; bu nedenle eşcinsel bireylerin sağlık sisteminde mağdur olabildikleri gösterilmektedir. Sağlık çalışanlarının olumsuz yaklaşımları nedeniyle eşcinsel bireyler, sağlık sisteminin gizlilik ilkesine güvenmemekte, bu nedenle de sağlık hizmetlerinden yaralanmaktan çekinmektedirler.
Keywords
References
- Balsam K, Mohr J. Adaptation to Sexsual Oriantation Stigma: A Comprasion of Biseksüel and Lesbian/ Gay Adults. Journal of Counseling Pschology 2007; 3: 306-319.
- Kaos GI. Homophobia in the Media Last, Ayrıntılı Basımevi 2010: 1-15.
- Minuto V. Shame of Homosexuality and Overcoming This Shame, Happiness/ Unhappiness Of Gay And Lesbian 2007: 8-16.
- Yıldız S, Atamer A, Yavuz MF. Correlates of negative attitudes of undergraduate students towards gay men and lesbians 2003; 136: 290.
- Vern L, Bullough A. Sex and the Medical Model. The Journal of Sex Research 1975.11: 291-303.
- Freud S, Eğrilmez A. çeviren.: Mental Sources of a Woman Homosexuality Fact. Freud Kitaplığı Olgu Öyküleri, Payel Kitabevi; 1920: 321-357.
- Freud S. Historical notes: a letter from Freud Am J Psychiatry 1951;107:786-787.
- Berrill KT. Antigay violence and victimization in the United States: an overview, in Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Edited by Herek GM, Berrill KT. Newbury Park, CA, Sage; 1992: 19-45.
- Berrill KT, Herek GM. Primary and secondary victimization in anti- gay hate crimes: Offical response and public policy: in Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Edited by Herek GM, Berrill KT. Newbury Park, CA, Sage; 1992: 289-305.
- Yüksel Ş. Approach to Homosexuality, Social Exclusion and Mental Health Problems. Kaos GL Dergisi, Ankara; 2010: 36-38.
- Siegel K, Krauss B, Kara D. Reporting recent sexual practices: gay men’s disclosure of HIV risk by questionnaire and interview. Arch Sex Behav 1994; 23:217-30.
- Smith G, Bartlett A, King M. Treatments of homosexuality in Britain since the 1950s—an oral history: the experience of patients; 2004: 328(7437):427.
- Kaplan HI, Sadock B. Synopsis of psychiatry, 8th edition. Williams&Wilkins: Maryland, USA 1998.
- Dean L, Mayer IH, Robinson K, Sell RL, Sember R, Silenzio VMB. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender health: findings and concerns. J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 2000; 101-51.
- Dixon-Woods M, Regan J, Robertson N, Young B, Cord C, Tobin M. Teaching and learning about human sexuality in undergraduate medical education. Med Educ 2002; 36:432-40.
- Güner U. Human rights report of LGBTT individuals, Ankara: Ayrıntı Basımevi, 2009; 35-45.
- Tamam L, Akbaş D, Özpoyraz N. Homosexuality and Suicide, a Case Report, Kriz Dergisi 1997; 5: 33-36.
- Doğan S, Doğan M, Beştepe E, Eker E. Improvement of homosexuality attitude scale, validity-credibility work. Anatolian Journal on Psyciatric 2008; 9: 84-90.
- Hart TA, Heinberg RG. Presenting problems among treatment- seeking gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2001; 57: 615-627
- Dall’Orto G. La Fenice, Milano: Babilonia, 1996:105.
- Franzoi SL. Social Psychology. (3.Ed.) Ch.8, Prejudice and Discrimination. NY: McGraw-Hill, 2003:85-92.
- Aydın O. Project on colors of life, law and discrimination report; Ankara 2007.
- Mitrani A. Negative Attitudes Towards Homosexuals: Features Related to Occupational Groups , Adli Bilimler Dergisi 2008; 7:23-30.
- Logan C. Homophobia, homoprejudice. Journal of Homosexuality 1996;31:31-53.
- McNair R, Ruthborn L. The politics of inclusion of lesbian health into medical education. National Women’s Health Conference, Melbourne; 2001. 40-47.
- Vincke J, Heerinden K.: Suicidal acts and ideation in homosexual and bisexual young people: a study of prevelance and risk factors, Social Psychatry epidemiology 2000; 35: 494-9.
- Cüceloğlu D. Human and behavior, Remzi Kitabevi, 1993: 326-400.
- Candansayar S. Medicalizing the Sexuality as an Otherizing Practice, and Homosexuality. International Anti-Homophobia Meeting, Anti Homofobi Kitabı. Ankara: Ayrıntı Basımevi, 2009: 69-72.
- Herek GM. The psychology of sezual prejudice. Current directions in psychological Science 2000; 9: 19-22.
- Sakallı N. The relatiı-onship betweon secion and attitudes toword homosexcuality a somple of turkish college student journal of Homosexcuality 2002; 42.
- Sanchez NF, Rabat, J, Sanchez IP, Hubbard S. Kalet A. Medical Students Ability to Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Patients. Medical Student Education 2006; 38(1).
- Bjorkman M, Malterud K. Being lesbian - does the doctor need to know. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2007; 25: 58-62.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Collection |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 1, 2014 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2014Issue: 3 |