Research Article
The Longitudinal Association Between Human Milk Composition and Nutritional Status of Exclusively Breastfeeding Mothers
Abstract
Purpose: The presented study investigated the human milk composition changes associated with the nutritional status of exclusively breastfeeding mothers.
Methods: A total of 59 volunteer mothers whose infants were followed at a well-child outpatient clinic were included in the study on their first visit between March and September 2018. During monthly visits, anthropometric measurements and body composition of the mothers were assessed, energy and macronutrients of human milk were analyzed. A 24-hour dietary recall was collected every 15 days.
Results: A statistically significant downward trend for total protein (tau-b = -0.208; p < 0.001) and true protein (tau-b = -0.230; p < 0.001), and upward trend for total lactose (tau-b = 0.119; p = 0.032) was determined in human milk of the duration of first 6 months. A weak positive correlation was found between maternal body fat percentage and human milk lactose content, and between fat-free mass and true protein content in the first month of lactation. It was stated that there was a weak negative correlation between the percentage of protein and carbohydrate intake of the mothers in the 1st and 6th months and the energy, protein and fat composition of human milk.
Conclusions: It was concluded that the macronutrient components of human milk had a trend in the first 6 months of lactation and the composition was affected by the mothers' fat mass and protein intake, especially in the first month.
References
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Year 2025,
Issue: Kabul Edilen Makaleler
Abstract
References
- 1. Kurniati AM, Sunardi D, Sungkar A, et al. Associations of maternal body composition and nutritional intake with fat content of Indonesian mothers’ breast milk. Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:297-303. DOI: 10.14238/pi56.5.2016.297-303
- 2. World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding. [Last accessed: 01/30/2023].
- 3. Daud AZ, Mohd-Esa N, Azlan A, Chan YM. The trans fatty acid content in human milk and its association with maternal diet among lactating mothers in Malaysia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2013;22:431–42. DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.2013.22.3.09
- 4. Ballard O, Morrow AL. Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatr Clin. N Am. 2013;60:49-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002
- 5. Keikha M, Bahreynian M, Saleki M, et al. Macro- and micronutrients of human milk composition: Are they related to maternal diet? A comprehensive systematic review. Breastfeed Med. 2017;12:517–27. DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0048
- 6. Chung MY. Factors affecting human milk composition. Pediatr Neonatol. 2014;55:421-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2014.06.003
- 7. Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies. 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey. Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, T.R. Presidency of Turkey Directorate of Strategy and Budget and TUBITAK, Ankara, Turkey, 2019.
- 8. Duvekot JJ. Pregnancy and obesity: practical implications. Eur Clinics Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;1:74-88. DOI: 10.1007/s11296-005-0019-0
- 9. Hahn WH, Jeong T, Park S, et al. Content fat and calorie of human milk is affected by interactions between maternal age and body mass index. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(10):1385–8. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1315660
- 10. Young BE, Patinkin Z, Palmer C, et al. Human milk insulin is related to maternal plasma insulin and BMI: but other components of human milk do not differ by BMI. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71(9):1094–100. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.75
- 11. Bzikowska-Jura A, Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna A, Oledzka G, et al. Maternal nutrition and body composition during breastfeeding: association with human milk composition. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1379. DOI: 10.3390/nu10101379
- 12. Ellsworth L, Perng W, Harman E, et al. Impact of maternal overweight and obesity on milk composition and infant growth. Matern Child Nutr. 2020;16(3):e12979. DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12979
- 13. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2010;1:100-7. DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-18
- 14. Groh-Wargo S, Valentic J, Khaira S, et al. Human milk analysis using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31:266–72. DOI: 10.1177/0884533615596508
- 15. Kulesza-Brończyk B, Bień A, Sobieraj P, et al. Factors affecting total protein and lactoferrin in human milk. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):22434. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50124-1
- 16. Casadei K, Kiel J. Anthropometric Measurement. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023. PMID: 30726000.
- 17. World Health Organization. Body Mass Index (BMI) classifications. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi. [Last access: 01/30/2023].
- 18. Ebispro for Windows, Stuttgart, Germany; Turkish Version: BeBiS 8.2.
- 19. PAQ committee. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Available from: https://ugc.futurelearn.com/uploads/files/bc/c5/bcc53b14-ec1e-4d90-88e3-1568682f32ae/IPAQ_PDF.pdf. [Last access: 01/30/2023].
- 20. Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2010;111:278-84. DOI: 10.2466/06.08.PMS.111.4.278-284
- 21. Miller EM, Aiello MO, Fujita M, et al. Field and laboratory methods in human milk research. Am J Hum Biol. 2013;25:1–11. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22334
- 22. Butte NF, Garza C, Johanson CA, et al. Longitudinal changes in milk composition of mothers delivering preterm and term infants. Early Hum Dev. 1984;9:153–62. DOI: 10.1016/0378-3782(84)90096-3
- 23. Saarela T, Kokkonen J, Koivisto M. Macronutrient and energy contents of human milk fractions during the first six months of lactation. Acta paediatrica. 2005;94(9):1176-81. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb02070.x
- 24. Daniel AI, Shama S, Ismail S, et al. Maternal BMI is positively associated with human milk fat: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;113:1009-22. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa410
- 25. Yang T, Zhang Y, Ning Y, et al. Breast milk macronutrient composition and the associated factors in urban chinese mothers. Chin Med J. 2014;127:1721–25. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20133260
- 26. Chang N, Jung JA, Kim H, et al. Macronutrient composition of human milk from Korean mothers of full term infants born at 37-42 gestational weeks. Nutr Res Prac. 2015;9:433-38. DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.4.433
- 27. Leghi GE, Netting MJ, Middleton PF, et al. The impact of maternal obesity on human milk macronutrient composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12:934. DOI: 10.3390/nu12040934
- 28. Sims CR, Lipsmeyer ME, Turner DE, et al. Human milk composition differs by maternal BMI in the first 9 months postpartum. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112:548-57. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa098
- 29. Iranpour R, Kelishadi R, Babaie S, et al, Comparison of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content in human milk in preterm and term deliveries and its correlation with mothers’ diet. J Res Med Sci. 2013;18:1–5.
- 30. Binder C, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Gard LI, et al. Maternal Diet Influences Human Milk Protein Concentration and Adipose Tissue Marker. Nutrients. 2023;15:433. DOI: 10.3390/nu15020433
There are 30 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Public Health (Other) |
| Journal Section | Clinical Research |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | December 10, 2024 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | December 28, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | September 3, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025Issue: Kabul Edilen Makaleler |