Çevresel Guatrojenler NIS İnhibitörleri ve Subklinik Hipotiroidizm

Aysel Özpınar

Environmental Goitrogens Nis Inhibitors and Subclinical Hypothyroidism

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 4, 214 - 219, 01.12.2010

Aysel Özpınar

Öz

Iodine deficiency and subclinical hypothyroidism that develops as a result of this deficiency remain as significant problems of public health in the whole world. Pregnant, elderly or lactating women as well as fetuses and newborns constitute the groups most sensitive to iodine deficiency. The World Health Organization WHO supports the use of iodinised salt since 1990 in the whole world, and particularly in regions with iodine deficiency. However, despite the increase in the use of iodine, iodine deficiency remains as a significant problem in many countries. This problem might be related to the increase in the environmental chemicals that inhibits the iodine penetration. Therefore, this article studies the impact of the spread of environmental chemicals such as perchloric acid and thiocyanate on thyroid metabolism and aims to raise awareness on this issue in Turkey

Anahtar Kelimeler

perchloric acid, thiocyanate, nitrate, NIS inhibitors, thyroid hormones

Kaynakça

1. Morreale de Escobar GM, Obregon MJ, del Rey FE: Maternal thyroid hormones early in pregnancy and fetal brain development. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;18: 225-248.
2. Hallowell, JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, Flanders WD, Gunter EW, Maberly GF, Braverman LE, Pino S, Miller DT, Garbe PL, Delozier DM, Jackson RJ: Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998: 83(10), 3401-3408.
3. Karmisholt J, Andersen S, Laurberg P. Variation in thyroid function tests in patients with stable untreated subclinical hypothyroidism. a. Thyroid. 2008 Mar;18(3):303-8.
4. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC: The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160: 526-534.
5. Szabolcs I, Podoba J, Feldkamp J, Dohan O, Farkas I, Sajgó M, Takáts KI, Góth M, Kovács L, Kressinszky K, Hnilica P, Szilágyi G. Comparative screening for thyroid disorders in old age in areas of iodine deficiency, long-term iodine prophylaxis and abundant iodine intake. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Jul;47(1):87-92.
6. International Council fort he Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) http://www.iccidd.org/pages/iodine-deficiency.php (15.03.2010 tarihinde)
7. WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Assestment of the iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. A guide for progremme managers. WHO/ nhd/01.1. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007.
8. Hallowell, JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, Braverman LE: Serum TSH, T4, and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988-1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(2); 489-499.
9. Pop VJ, Kuijpens JL, van Baar AL, Verkerk G, van Son MM, de Vijlder JJ: Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol. 1999; 50: 149-155.
10. Pop VJ, Brouwers EP, Vadert HL, Vulsma T, van Baar AL, de Vijlder JJ: Maternal hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: a 3-year follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol. 2003; 59: 282-288.
11. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, Williams JR, Knight GJ, Gagnon J, O’Heir CE, Mitchell ML, Hermos RJ, et al: Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med. 1999(8); 341: 549-55.
12. Delange F. Iodine deficiency as a cause of brain damage. Postgrad Med J 2001; 77: 217-220.
13. Glinoer D & Delange F: The potential repercussions of maternal, fetal and neonatal hypothyroxinemia on the progeny. Thyroid 2000;10: 871-887.
14. Boelaert K and Franklyn JA: Thyroid hormone in health and disease. Journal of Endocrinology 2005; 187: 1-15.
15. Stanbury JB: Iodine and human development. Med Anthropol. 1992;13(4): 413-423.
16. Glinoer D: Pregnancy and Iodine. Thyroid 2001; 11(5): 471-481.
17. Lazarus JH: Thyroid diseases in pregnancy and childhood. 2005a; 30(2): 71-87.
18. Stanbury JB, Ermans AE, Bourdoux P, Todd C, Oken E, Tonglet R, Vidor G, Braverman LE, Medeiros-Neto G. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: occurence and epidemiology. Thyroid, 1998 Jan; 8(1):83-100.
19. Zimmermann MB, Ito Y, Hess SY, Fujieda K, Molinari L.High thyroid volume in children with excess dietary iodine intakes. Am J ClinNutr, 2005 Apr; 81(4): 840-844.
20. Bürgi, H. Iodine excess. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinolgy & Metabolism. 2010;24: 107-115.
21. Suzuki K, Kimura H, Wu H, Kudo N, Bae Kim W, Suzuki S, Yoshida A, Caturegli P, Kohn LD.Excess iodide decreases transcription of NIS and VEGF genes in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Mar 5;393(2):286-290.
22. Andersen S, Iversen F, Terpling S, pedersen KL, Gustenhoff P, Lauberg P. More hypothyroidism ans less hyperthyroidism with sufficient iodine nutrition compared to mild iodine deficiency-A comparative population- based study of older people. Maturitas 2009; 64, 126-131.
23. Karakurt F, Gümüş İİ, Kargılı A, Uz B, Keskin E, Köroğlu M. Gebe Hastalarımızda Tiroid Fonksiyon Testleri. Yeni Tıp Dergisi, 2007;51-54.
24. Cinaz P, Yeşilkaya E, Acar D, Bideci A, Camurdan O, Ayvalı E. Yenidoğan konjenital hipotiroidizm tarama sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. Ist Tıp Fak Derg 2008;71(1): 78-83.
25. Bernal J & Nunez J: Thyroid hormones and brain development. Eur J Endocrinol. 1995; 133(4): 390-398.
26. Delange F: The role of iodine in brain development. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2000; 59: 75-79.
27. Glinoer D, de Nayer P, Bourdoux P, Lemone M, Robyn C, Van Steirteghem A, Kinthaert J, Lejeune B: : Regulation of maternal thyroid during pregnancy. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990; 71(2): 276-287.
28. Glinoer D: The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocrine Reviews 1997; 18(3): 404-481.
29. Van den Hove MF, Beckers C, Devlieger H, de Zeigher F, De Nayer P: Hormone synthesis and storage in the thyroid of human preterm and term newborns: Effect of thyroxine treatment. Biochimie 1999; 8: 563-570.
30. Auso E, Lavado-Autric R, Cuevas E, Escobar Del Rey F, Morreale De Escobar G, Berbel P: A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration. Endocrinology 2004; 145(9): 4037-4047.
31. Kooistra L, Snijders TA, Schellekens JM, Kalverboer AF, Geuze RH: Timing variability in children with early-treated congenital hypothyroidism. Acta Psychol (Amst). 1997; 96: 61-73.
32. Lavada-Autric R, Auso E, Garcia-Valesco JV, Arufe MDC, Escobar del Rey F, Berbel P, Morreale de Escobar: Early maternal hypothyroxinemia alters histogenesis and cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture of the progeny. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1073-1082.
33. Mirabella G, Westall CA, Asztalos E, Perlman K, Koren G, Rovet J: Development of contrast sensitivity in infants with prenatal and neonatal thyroid hormone insufficiencies. Pediatr Res. 2005; 57(6): 902-907.
34. Morreale de Escobar GM, Obregon MJ, and Escobar del Rey,F: Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2000; 85(11): 3975-3986.
35. Ares S, Escobar-Morreale HF, Quero J, Durán S, Presas MJ, Herruzo R, Morreale de Escobar G.Neonatal hypothyroxinemia: effects of iodine intake and premature birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun;82(6):1704-12.
36. Rovet JF, Ehrlich RM, Sorbara DL: Neurodevelopment in infants and preschool children with congenital hypothyroidism: etiological and treatment factors affecting outcome. J Pediatr Psychol. 1992;17: 187-213.
37. Zoeller RT & Rovet J: Timing of thyroid hormone action in the developing brain: clinical observations and experimental findings. J Neuroendocrinol. 2004; 16: 809-818.
38. Wolff, J: Perchlorate and the thyroid gland. Phrmacol Rev. 1998; 50(1): 89-105.
39. Urbansky ET: Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2002; 9(3): 187-192.
40. U.S. EPA, (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency): Perchlorate, 2005 (online).Available: http://www.epa.gov/fedfac/documents/perchlorate.htm (accessed July 31, 2006).
41. Jackson WA, Joseph P, Laxman P, Tan K, Smith PN, Yu l: Perchlorate accumulation in forage and edible vegetation. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53: 369-373.
42. Kirk AB, Smith EE, Tian K, Anderson A, Dasgupta PK: Perchlorate in Milk. Environ. Sci Technol. 2003; 37: 4979-4981.
43. Kirk AB, Martinelango PK, Tian K, Dutta A, Smith EE, Dasgupta PK: Perchlorate and Iodide in Dairy and Breast Milk. Environ Sci.Technol. 2005; 29: 2011-2017.
44. Özpınar A, M.Golub, R. Poppenga,B.Blount, B.Lasley, J.Gillespie: Thyroid status of female rhesus monkeys in a breeding colony, relationship to reproductive outcome and preliminary information on impact of perchlorate administration on thyroid function. Annual 80th Meeting of the American Thyroid Association, Palm Beach, Florida, USA, 22-27 September 2009, 192.
45. Pearce EN, Leung A, Blount BC, Bazrafshan HR, He X, Pino S, Valentin-Blasini, Braverman LE: Breast Milk Iodine and Perchlorate Concentrations in Lactating Boston-Area Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007; 92(5):1673-1677.
46. Blount BC, A. Özpınar A, Alwis UK, Gillespie JR: Perchlorate, nitrate, thiocyanate and iodide levels in chicken feed, water and eggs. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2008; 56(22): 10709-10715.
47. Sanchez CA, Krieger RI, Khandaker N, Moore RC, Holts KC, and Neidel LL: Accumulation and perchlorate exposure potential of lettuce produced in the lower Colorado River Region. J Agric Food Chem. 2005a; 53: 5479-5486.

Çevresel Guatrojenler NIS İnhibitörleri ve Subklinik Hipotiroidizm

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 4, 214 - 219, 01.12.2010

Aysel Özpınar

Öz

İyot yetersizliği ve buna bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan subklinik hipotiroidizm tüm dünyada önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak gündemdeki yerini korumaktadır. Özellikle gebeler, laktasyondaki genç anneler ve yaşlı kadınlar, ayrıca fetüs ve yeni doğanlar iyot yetersizliğine en duyarlı grupları oluşturmaktadır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü WHO , 1990 yılından itibaren iyotlu tuz kullanımını, başta iyot yetersizliği sorunu bulunan ülkeler olmak üzere, tüm dünyaya önermiş ve desteklemiştir. İyot kullanımının yaygınlaşmasına rağmen iyot yetersizliği sorunu pek çok ülkede halen sürmektedir. Bu sorunun, iyot alımını engelleyen çevresel kimyasalların artışı ile ilişkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle bu makalede perklorik asit ve tiyosiyanat gibi iyot alımını engelleyen çevresel kimyasalların yaygınlaşması ve tiroid metabolizmasına etkileri konusunda bilgi vermek ve ülkemizde bu konuda farkındalık yaratmak hedeflenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

perklorik asit, tiyosiyanat, nitrat, NIS inhibitörleri, tiroid hormonları

Kaynakça

1. Morreale de Escobar GM, Obregon MJ, del Rey FE: Maternal thyroid hormones early in pregnancy and fetal brain development. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;18: 225-248.
2. Hallowell, JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, Flanders WD, Gunter EW, Maberly GF, Braverman LE, Pino S, Miller DT, Garbe PL, Delozier DM, Jackson RJ: Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998: 83(10), 3401-3408.
3. Karmisholt J, Andersen S, Laurberg P. Variation in thyroid function tests in patients with stable untreated subclinical hypothyroidism. a. Thyroid. 2008 Mar;18(3):303-8.
4. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC: The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160: 526-534.
5. Szabolcs I, Podoba J, Feldkamp J, Dohan O, Farkas I, Sajgó M, Takáts KI, Góth M, Kovács L, Kressinszky K, Hnilica P, Szilágyi G. Comparative screening for thyroid disorders in old age in areas of iodine deficiency, long-term iodine prophylaxis and abundant iodine intake. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Jul;47(1):87-92.
6. International Council fort he Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) http://www.iccidd.org/pages/iodine-deficiency.php (15.03.2010 tarihinde)
7. WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Assestment of the iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. A guide for progremme managers. WHO/ nhd/01.1. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007.
8. Hallowell, JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, Braverman LE: Serum TSH, T4, and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988-1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(2); 489-499.
9. Pop VJ, Kuijpens JL, van Baar AL, Verkerk G, van Son MM, de Vijlder JJ: Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol. 1999; 50: 149-155.
10. Pop VJ, Brouwers EP, Vadert HL, Vulsma T, van Baar AL, de Vijlder JJ: Maternal hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: a 3-year follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol. 2003; 59: 282-288.
11. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, Williams JR, Knight GJ, Gagnon J, O’Heir CE, Mitchell ML, Hermos RJ, et al: Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med. 1999(8); 341: 549-55.
12. Delange F. Iodine deficiency as a cause of brain damage. Postgrad Med J 2001; 77: 217-220.
13. Glinoer D & Delange F: The potential repercussions of maternal, fetal and neonatal hypothyroxinemia on the progeny. Thyroid 2000;10: 871-887.
14. Boelaert K and Franklyn JA: Thyroid hormone in health and disease. Journal of Endocrinology 2005; 187: 1-15.
15. Stanbury JB: Iodine and human development. Med Anthropol. 1992;13(4): 413-423.
16. Glinoer D: Pregnancy and Iodine. Thyroid 2001; 11(5): 471-481.
17. Lazarus JH: Thyroid diseases in pregnancy and childhood. 2005a; 30(2): 71-87.
18. Stanbury JB, Ermans AE, Bourdoux P, Todd C, Oken E, Tonglet R, Vidor G, Braverman LE, Medeiros-Neto G. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: occurence and epidemiology. Thyroid, 1998 Jan; 8(1):83-100.
19. Zimmermann MB, Ito Y, Hess SY, Fujieda K, Molinari L.High thyroid volume in children with excess dietary iodine intakes. Am J ClinNutr, 2005 Apr; 81(4): 840-844.
20. Bürgi, H. Iodine excess. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinolgy & Metabolism. 2010;24: 107-115.
21. Suzuki K, Kimura H, Wu H, Kudo N, Bae Kim W, Suzuki S, Yoshida A, Caturegli P, Kohn LD.Excess iodide decreases transcription of NIS and VEGF genes in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Mar 5;393(2):286-290.
22. Andersen S, Iversen F, Terpling S, pedersen KL, Gustenhoff P, Lauberg P. More hypothyroidism ans less hyperthyroidism with sufficient iodine nutrition compared to mild iodine deficiency-A comparative population- based study of older people. Maturitas 2009; 64, 126-131.
23. Karakurt F, Gümüş İİ, Kargılı A, Uz B, Keskin E, Köroğlu M. Gebe Hastalarımızda Tiroid Fonksiyon Testleri. Yeni Tıp Dergisi, 2007;51-54.
24. Cinaz P, Yeşilkaya E, Acar D, Bideci A, Camurdan O, Ayvalı E. Yenidoğan konjenital hipotiroidizm tarama sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. Ist Tıp Fak Derg 2008;71(1): 78-83.
25. Bernal J & Nunez J: Thyroid hormones and brain development. Eur J Endocrinol. 1995; 133(4): 390-398.
26. Delange F: The role of iodine in brain development. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2000; 59: 75-79.
27. Glinoer D, de Nayer P, Bourdoux P, Lemone M, Robyn C, Van Steirteghem A, Kinthaert J, Lejeune B: : Regulation of maternal thyroid during pregnancy. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990; 71(2): 276-287.
28. Glinoer D: The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocrine Reviews 1997; 18(3): 404-481.
29. Van den Hove MF, Beckers C, Devlieger H, de Zeigher F, De Nayer P: Hormone synthesis and storage in the thyroid of human preterm and term newborns: Effect of thyroxine treatment. Biochimie 1999; 8: 563-570.
30. Auso E, Lavado-Autric R, Cuevas E, Escobar Del Rey F, Morreale De Escobar G, Berbel P: A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration. Endocrinology 2004; 145(9): 4037-4047.
31. Kooistra L, Snijders TA, Schellekens JM, Kalverboer AF, Geuze RH: Timing variability in children with early-treated congenital hypothyroidism. Acta Psychol (Amst). 1997; 96: 61-73.
32. Lavada-Autric R, Auso E, Garcia-Valesco JV, Arufe MDC, Escobar del Rey F, Berbel P, Morreale de Escobar: Early maternal hypothyroxinemia alters histogenesis and cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture of the progeny. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1073-1082.
33. Mirabella G, Westall CA, Asztalos E, Perlman K, Koren G, Rovet J: Development of contrast sensitivity in infants with prenatal and neonatal thyroid hormone insufficiencies. Pediatr Res. 2005; 57(6): 902-907.
34. Morreale de Escobar GM, Obregon MJ, and Escobar del Rey,F: Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2000; 85(11): 3975-3986.
35. Ares S, Escobar-Morreale HF, Quero J, Durán S, Presas MJ, Herruzo R, Morreale de Escobar G.Neonatal hypothyroxinemia: effects of iodine intake and premature birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun;82(6):1704-12.
36. Rovet JF, Ehrlich RM, Sorbara DL: Neurodevelopment in infants and preschool children with congenital hypothyroidism: etiological and treatment factors affecting outcome. J Pediatr Psychol. 1992;17: 187-213.
37. Zoeller RT & Rovet J: Timing of thyroid hormone action in the developing brain: clinical observations and experimental findings. J Neuroendocrinol. 2004; 16: 809-818.
38. Wolff, J: Perchlorate and the thyroid gland. Phrmacol Rev. 1998; 50(1): 89-105.
39. Urbansky ET: Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2002; 9(3): 187-192.
40. U.S. EPA, (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency): Perchlorate, 2005 (online).Available: http://www.epa.gov/fedfac/documents/perchlorate.htm (accessed July 31, 2006).
41. Jackson WA, Joseph P, Laxman P, Tan K, Smith PN, Yu l: Perchlorate accumulation in forage and edible vegetation. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53: 369-373.
42. Kirk AB, Smith EE, Tian K, Anderson A, Dasgupta PK: Perchlorate in Milk. Environ. Sci Technol. 2003; 37: 4979-4981.
43. Kirk AB, Martinelango PK, Tian K, Dutta A, Smith EE, Dasgupta PK: Perchlorate and Iodide in Dairy and Breast Milk. Environ Sci.Technol. 2005; 29: 2011-2017.
44. Özpınar A, M.Golub, R. Poppenga,B.Blount, B.Lasley, J.Gillespie: Thyroid status of female rhesus monkeys in a breeding colony, relationship to reproductive outcome and preliminary information on impact of perchlorate administration on thyroid function. Annual 80th Meeting of the American Thyroid Association, Palm Beach, Florida, USA, 22-27 September 2009, 192.
45. Pearce EN, Leung A, Blount BC, Bazrafshan HR, He X, Pino S, Valentin-Blasini, Braverman LE: Breast Milk Iodine and Perchlorate Concentrations in Lactating Boston-Area Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007; 92(5):1673-1677.
46. Blount BC, A. Özpınar A, Alwis UK, Gillespie JR: Perchlorate, nitrate, thiocyanate and iodide levels in chicken feed, water and eggs. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2008; 56(22): 10709-10715.
47. Sanchez CA, Krieger RI, Khandaker N, Moore RC, Holts KC, and Neidel LL: Accumulation and perchlorate exposure potential of lettuce produced in the lower Colorado River Region. J Agric Food Chem. 2005a; 53: 5479-5486.

Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Research Article
Yazarlar	Aysel Özpınar
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Aralık 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2010Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

EndNote	Özpınar A (01 Aralık 2010) Çevresel Guatrojenler NIS İnhibitörleri ve Subklinik Hipotiroidizm. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 4 214–219.

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