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Synthetic Cannabinoids

Year 2016, Issue: 1, 6 - 13, 01.03.2016

Işıl Pakiş Oğuz Polat

Abstract

Synthetic cannabinoids, a subgroup of cannabinoid, are commonly used drugs. It is observed that the rate of synthetic cannabinoids has increased rapidly in recent years. Many of these drugs are much more potent than delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol THC , the primary psychoactive constituent of marijuana. The number of intoxicated people presenting with emergencies is constantly increasing, and also more cases are resulting with death. The long period of SC usage results with addiction and withdrawal symptoms and psychiatric symptoms just like marijuana. Acute intoxication differs from marijuana by being more stimulant and the effects are similiar the use of the sympathomimetic agent. It is also hard to diagnose, because people sell in different variations over the market. The study aimed to discuss the increasingly used SC’s clinical and pharmacological properties, the usage, forensic aspects, legal regulations and prevention and treatment options

Keywords

synthetic cannabinoids bonsai toxic effects

References

  • Gunderson EW, Haughey HM, Ait-Daoud N, Joshi AS, Hart CL.”Spice” and “K2” herbal highs: a case series and systematic review of the clinical effects and biopsychosocial implications of synthetic cannabinoid use in humans. Am J Addict. 2012:21:320-6.
  • Auwärter V, Dresen S, Weinmann W, Mueller M, Puetz M, Ferreiros N. ‘Spice’and other herbal blends: Harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs? J Mass Spectrom 2009; 44:832-37.
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,. World Drug Report2014 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.14.XI.7) Erişim tarihi:21.03.2015.
  • Moosmann B, Kneisel S, Girreser U, Brecht V, Westphal F, Auwärter V. Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of “spice gold”. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009;106:464-67.
  • Evren C, Bozkurt M.Senteteik Kannabinoidler:Son yılların krizi. Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 2013;26:1-11.
  • Fattore L, Fratta W. Beyond THC: The new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:60-6.
  • AAPCC Issues Statement on the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act. American Association of Poison Control Centre, 2012. http:// www.aapcc.org/press/2/. Erişim tarihi:10.02.2015.
  • United States, Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “The DAWN report: drug-related emergency department visits involving synthetic cannabinoids” (Rockville, Maryland, 4 December 2012). http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/DAWN105/ DAWN105/SR105-synthetic-marijuana.pdf. Erişim tarihi:21.03.2015.
  • UNODC, World Drug Report 2013 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.XI.69) Erişim tarihi:21.03.2015.
  • Yeni Nesil Psiko-aktif Maddeler Sempozyumu. 26 Kasım 2013. İstanbul. www.atk.gov.tr/Pdf/psikoakifmaddeler.pdf (Erişim tarihi:20.04.2015).
  • Tomiyama K, Funada M. Cytotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids found in “Spice” products: the role of cannabinoid receptors and the caspase cascade in the NG 108-15 cell line.Toxicology Lett. 2011:10:207:12-7.
  • Grotenhermen F. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:327-60.
  • Geller T. Cannabinoids:a secret history. Chem. Herit.Newsmagazine. 2007:25(2).
  • Castaneto MS, Gorelick DA, Desrosiers NA, Hartman RL
  • Pirard S, Huestis MA. Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014:1;144:12-41.
  • Huffman JW, Mabon R, Wu MJ, Lu J, Hart R, Hurst DP, Reggio PH, Wiley JL, Martin BR. 3-Indolyl-1-naphthylmethanes: new cannabimimetic indoles provide evidence for aromatic stacking interactions with the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003:20;11:539-49.
  • Huffman JW, Padgett LW.Recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of cannabimimetic indoles, pyrroles and indenes.Curr Med Chem. 2005;12:1395-411.
  • EMCDDA. Understanding the ‘Spice’phenomenon. www.
  • emcdda.europa.eu/ attachements.cfm/att_ 80086_EN_Spice%20 Thematic%20paper%20%E2%80%94%20final%20version.pdf . Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
  • Every-Palmer S. Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists suchlike as JWH-018 feb precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals. Addiction 2010;105:1859-60.
  • Nakajima J, Takahashi M, Seto T et al. Identification and quantitation of two benzoylindoles AM-694 and (4-methoxyphenyl) (1-pentyl-1H- indole-3-yl) methanone, and three cannabimimetic naphthoylindoles JWH-210, JWH-122, JWH-019 and as adulterants in illicit products obtained via the Internet. Forensic Toxicology 2011;29:95-110.
  • Vardakou I, Pistos C, Spiliopoulou Ch. Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation.Toxicol Lett. 2010:1;197:157-62.
  • Gurdal F, Asirdizer M, Aker RG, et al. Review of detection frequency and type of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal compounds analyzed by Istanbul Narcotic Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, Turkey. J Forensic Leg Med 2013;20:667-72
  • EMCDDA, 2009a. Early-warning system. Understanding the ‘Spice’phenomenon. Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
  • EMCDDA Poisin Control Centre, Mainz,2009b. Understanding the ‘Spice’phenomenon. Via mass media and personal communication. Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
  • Huffman JW, Dai D, Martin BR, Compton DR. Design, synthesis and pharmacology of cannabimimetic indoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994;4:563-66.
  • United States, National Institute on Drug Abuse, “DrugFacts: Spice (synthetic marijuana)”, December 2012.
  • UNDOC, Synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011. http://www.unodc.org/documents/ scientific/Synthetic_Cannabinoids.pdf. Erişim tarihi:21.03.2015.
  • Pertwee RG. Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Curr Med Chem. 1999:6:635-64.
  • Every-Palmer S. Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists suchlike as JWH-018 feb precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals. Addiction 2010;105:1859-60.
  • Teske J, Weller JP, Fieguth A et al. Sensitive and rapid quantification of the cannabinoid receptor agonist naphthalene-1-yl- (1-pentylindol-3-yl) methanone (JWH-018) in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010;878:2659-63.
  • Brents LK, Gallus-Zawada A, Radominska-Pandya A, Vasiljevik T, Prisinzano TE, Fantegrossi WE, Moran JH, Prather PL. Monohydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-073 retain intermediate to high cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) affinity and exhibit neutral antagonist to partial agonist activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012:1;83:952-61.
  • Seely KA, Lapoint J, Moran JH, Fattore L. Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012:3;39:234-43.
  • Wood DM, Dargan PI. Novel psychoactive substances: how to understand the acute toxicity associated with the use of these substances. Ther Drug Monit. 2012:34:363-7.
  • Evren C, Bozkurt M.Senteteik Kannabinoidler:Son yılların krizi. Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 2013;26:1-11.
  • Castellanos D, Singh S, Thornton G, Avila M, Moreno A. Synthetic cannabinoid use: a case series of adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2011;49:347-9.
  • Müller H, Sperling W, Köhrmann M, Huttner HB, Kornhuber J, Maler JM.The synthetic cannabinoid Spice as a trigger for an acute exacerbation of cannabis induced recurrent psychotic episodes. Schizophr Res. 2010;118:309-10.
  • Hoyte CO, Jacob J, Monte AA, Al-Jumaan M, Bronstein AC, Heard KJ. A characterization of synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to the National Poison Data System in 2010.Ann Emerg Med. 2012:60:435-8.
  • Schneir AB, Cullen J, Ly BT. “Spice” girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication. J Emerg Med. 2011;40:296-9.
  • Teske J, Weller JP, Fieguth A, Rothämel T, Schulz Y, Tröger HD. Sensitive and rapid quantification of the cannabinoid receptor agonist naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone (JWH- 018) in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2010:1;878:2659-6.
  • Jerry J, Collins G, Streem D. Synthetic legal intoxicating drugs: the emerging ‘incense’and ‘bath salt’phenomenon. Cleve Clin J Med. 2012;79:258-64.
  • Harris CR, Brown A. Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication: a case series and review. J Emerg Med. 2013;44:360-6.
  • Fattore L, Fratta W. Beyond THC: The New Generation of Cannabinoid Designer Drugs. Front Behav Neurosci. 2011:21;5:60.
  • Every-Palmer S. Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;1;117:152-7.
  • Hurst D, Loeffler G, McLay R.Psychosis associated with synthetic cannabinoid agonists: a case series. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:1119.
  • Moosmann B, Kneisel S, Girreser U, Brecht V, Westphal F, Auwärter V. Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of “spice gold”. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009;106:464-67.
  • Oluwabusi OO, Lobach L, Akhtar U, Youngman B, Ambrosini PJ. Synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychosis:two adolescent cases. J Child Adol Psychop 2012:22:393.
  • Wiley JL, Marusich JA, Martin BR, Huffman JW.1-Pentyl-3- phenylacetylindoles and JWH-018 share in vivo cannabinoid profiles in mice. Drug Alcohol Depen 2012:123:48.
  • Wiley J, Compton D, Dai D, Lainton J, Phillips M, Huffman J, Martin B: Structure-activity relationships of indole- and pyrrole-derived cannabinoids; J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998:285:995.
  • Vardakou I, Pistos C, Spiliopoulou C: Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation; Toxicol Lett 2010:197:157.
  • Gurney SMR, Scott KS, Kacinko SL, et al. Pharmacology, toxicology, and adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoid drugs; Forensic Sci Rev 2014;26:53.
  • Sarıkaya M, Taşer N. Bonzai Kullanımına Bağlı Toksik Hepatit. EP-17. 5. Hepatoloji Okulu 30 Mayıs-1 Haziran 2014, Kocaeli.
  • 2013 Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu. http://www.kom.gov.tr/Tr/
  • Dosyalar/2013_TURKIYE_UYUSTURUCU_ RAPORU. pdf.Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
  • Aksel G, Bozan Ö, Kayacı M, Güneysel Ö, Sezgin SB, Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2015 http://www.trjemergmed.com/ jvi.aspx?pdir=tatd&plng=eng&un=TATD-80388&look4=.Erişim tarihi:20.04.2015.
  • Merola G1, Aturki Z, D’Orazio G, Gottardo R, Macchia T, Tagliaro F, Fanali S. Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends by means of nano-liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2012;71:45-53.
  • Dresen S, Kneisel S, Weinmann W, Zimmermann R, Auwärter V.Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of synthetic cannabinoids of the aminoalkylindole type and methanandamide in serum and its application to forensic samples. J Mass Spectrom. 2011 Feb;46:163-71.
  • Coulter C, Garnier M, Moore C. Synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid. J Anal Toxicol 2011;35:424-30.
  • Artuç S, Doğan KH, Demirci Ş. Uyuşturucu maddelerde yeni trend: sentetik kannabinoidler. Adli Tıp Bülteni, 2014;19:198-20.
  • Pscyhonaut Web Mapping Research Group. Spice Report. www. psychonautproject.eu/documents/reports/Spice.pdf. Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
  • 2011 National report (2010 data) to the EMCDDA. ‘TURKEY’New Development , Trends and in-depth information on selected issues. Reitox National Focal Point, 2012. http://www.emcdda.europa. eu/attachments.cfm/att_191577_EN_Turkey_2011.pdf. Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
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  • Castellanos D, Thornton G. Synthetic cannabinoid use: recognition and management. J Psychiatr Pract 2012;18:86-93.

Sentetik Kannabinoidler

Year 2016, Issue: 1, 6 - 13, 01.03.2016

Işıl Pakiş Oğuz Polat

Abstract

Sentetik kannabinoidler SK , kannabinollerin bir alt grubu olup, son yıllarda uyuşturucu kullanımında çok ön planda yer almaya başlamıştır. Bu maddelerin kullanımı günümüzde özellikle gençlerde ve genç erişkinlerde artmaktadır. Hem zehirlenmeler nedeni ile Acil servislere başvuran olgular her geçen gün artmakta, hem de ölümle sonuçlanan olgular bildirilmektedir. SK’ların uzun süreli kullanımı esrar kullanımına benzer şekilde bağımlılık sendromuna, yoksunluk belirtilerine ve psikiyatrik semptomlara yol açtığı bildirilmiştir. Akut zehirlenmelerde ise esrardan farklı olarak daha çok uyarıcı ve sempatomimetik madde kullanımında görülenlere benzemektedir. Piyasada satılan karışımların içinde farklı kombinasyon ve oranlarda SK’ler bulunması nedeni ile klinik etkilerin tahmini de zorlaşmaktadır. Çalışmada giderek artan oranlarda kullanılan SK’ların klinik ve farmakolojik özellikleri, kullanım yaygınlığı, adli tıp boyutu, yasal düzenlemeler, önleme ve tedavi boyutlarının tartışılması amaçlanmıştır

Keywords

sentetik kannabinoidler bonzai toksik etkiler

References

  • Gunderson EW, Haughey HM, Ait-Daoud N, Joshi AS, Hart CL.”Spice” and “K2” herbal highs: a case series and systematic review of the clinical effects and biopsychosocial implications of synthetic cannabinoid use in humans. Am J Addict. 2012:21:320-6.
  • Auwärter V, Dresen S, Weinmann W, Mueller M, Puetz M, Ferreiros N. ‘Spice’and other herbal blends: Harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs? J Mass Spectrom 2009; 44:832-37.
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,. World Drug Report2014 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.14.XI.7) Erişim tarihi:21.03.2015.
  • Moosmann B, Kneisel S, Girreser U, Brecht V, Westphal F, Auwärter V. Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of “spice gold”. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009;106:464-67.
  • Evren C, Bozkurt M.Senteteik Kannabinoidler:Son yılların krizi. Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 2013;26:1-11.
  • Fattore L, Fratta W. Beyond THC: The new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:60-6.
  • AAPCC Issues Statement on the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act. American Association of Poison Control Centre, 2012. http:// www.aapcc.org/press/2/. Erişim tarihi:10.02.2015.
  • United States, Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, “The DAWN report: drug-related emergency department visits involving synthetic cannabinoids” (Rockville, Maryland, 4 December 2012). http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/DAWN105/ DAWN105/SR105-synthetic-marijuana.pdf. Erişim tarihi:21.03.2015.
  • UNODC, World Drug Report 2013 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.XI.69) Erişim tarihi:21.03.2015.
  • Yeni Nesil Psiko-aktif Maddeler Sempozyumu. 26 Kasım 2013. İstanbul. www.atk.gov.tr/Pdf/psikoakifmaddeler.pdf (Erişim tarihi:20.04.2015).
  • Tomiyama K, Funada M. Cytotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids found in “Spice” products: the role of cannabinoid receptors and the caspase cascade in the NG 108-15 cell line.Toxicology Lett. 2011:10:207:12-7.
  • Grotenhermen F. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:327-60.
  • Geller T. Cannabinoids:a secret history. Chem. Herit.Newsmagazine. 2007:25(2).
  • Castaneto MS, Gorelick DA, Desrosiers NA, Hartman RL
  • Pirard S, Huestis MA. Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014:1;144:12-41.
  • Huffman JW, Mabon R, Wu MJ, Lu J, Hart R, Hurst DP, Reggio PH, Wiley JL, Martin BR. 3-Indolyl-1-naphthylmethanes: new cannabimimetic indoles provide evidence for aromatic stacking interactions with the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003:20;11:539-49.
  • Huffman JW, Padgett LW.Recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of cannabimimetic indoles, pyrroles and indenes.Curr Med Chem. 2005;12:1395-411.
  • EMCDDA. Understanding the ‘Spice’phenomenon. www.
  • emcdda.europa.eu/ attachements.cfm/att_ 80086_EN_Spice%20 Thematic%20paper%20%E2%80%94%20final%20version.pdf . Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
  • Every-Palmer S. Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists suchlike as JWH-018 feb precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals. Addiction 2010;105:1859-60.
  • Nakajima J, Takahashi M, Seto T et al. Identification and quantitation of two benzoylindoles AM-694 and (4-methoxyphenyl) (1-pentyl-1H- indole-3-yl) methanone, and three cannabimimetic naphthoylindoles JWH-210, JWH-122, JWH-019 and as adulterants in illicit products obtained via the Internet. Forensic Toxicology 2011;29:95-110.
  • Vardakou I, Pistos C, Spiliopoulou Ch. Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation.Toxicol Lett. 2010:1;197:157-62.
  • Gurdal F, Asirdizer M, Aker RG, et al. Review of detection frequency and type of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal compounds analyzed by Istanbul Narcotic Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, Turkey. J Forensic Leg Med 2013;20:667-72
  • EMCDDA, 2009a. Early-warning system. Understanding the ‘Spice’phenomenon. Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
  • EMCDDA Poisin Control Centre, Mainz,2009b. Understanding the ‘Spice’phenomenon. Via mass media and personal communication. Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
  • Huffman JW, Dai D, Martin BR, Compton DR. Design, synthesis and pharmacology of cannabimimetic indoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994;4:563-66.
  • United States, National Institute on Drug Abuse, “DrugFacts: Spice (synthetic marijuana)”, December 2012.
  • UNDOC, Synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011. http://www.unodc.org/documents/ scientific/Synthetic_Cannabinoids.pdf. Erişim tarihi:21.03.2015.
  • Pertwee RG. Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Curr Med Chem. 1999:6:635-64.
  • Every-Palmer S. Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists suchlike as JWH-018 feb precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals. Addiction 2010;105:1859-60.
  • Teske J, Weller JP, Fieguth A et al. Sensitive and rapid quantification of the cannabinoid receptor agonist naphthalene-1-yl- (1-pentylindol-3-yl) methanone (JWH-018) in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010;878:2659-63.
  • Brents LK, Gallus-Zawada A, Radominska-Pandya A, Vasiljevik T, Prisinzano TE, Fantegrossi WE, Moran JH, Prather PL. Monohydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-073 retain intermediate to high cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) affinity and exhibit neutral antagonist to partial agonist activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012:1;83:952-61.
  • Seely KA, Lapoint J, Moran JH, Fattore L. Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012:3;39:234-43.
  • Wood DM, Dargan PI. Novel psychoactive substances: how to understand the acute toxicity associated with the use of these substances. Ther Drug Monit. 2012:34:363-7.
  • Evren C, Bozkurt M.Senteteik Kannabinoidler:Son yılların krizi. Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 2013;26:1-11.
  • Castellanos D, Singh S, Thornton G, Avila M, Moreno A. Synthetic cannabinoid use: a case series of adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2011;49:347-9.
  • Müller H, Sperling W, Köhrmann M, Huttner HB, Kornhuber J, Maler JM.The synthetic cannabinoid Spice as a trigger for an acute exacerbation of cannabis induced recurrent psychotic episodes. Schizophr Res. 2010;118:309-10.
  • Hoyte CO, Jacob J, Monte AA, Al-Jumaan M, Bronstein AC, Heard KJ. A characterization of synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to the National Poison Data System in 2010.Ann Emerg Med. 2012:60:435-8.
  • Schneir AB, Cullen J, Ly BT. “Spice” girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication. J Emerg Med. 2011;40:296-9.
  • Teske J, Weller JP, Fieguth A, Rothämel T, Schulz Y, Tröger HD. Sensitive and rapid quantification of the cannabinoid receptor agonist naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone (JWH- 018) in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2010:1;878:2659-6.
  • Jerry J, Collins G, Streem D. Synthetic legal intoxicating drugs: the emerging ‘incense’and ‘bath salt’phenomenon. Cleve Clin J Med. 2012;79:258-64.
  • Harris CR, Brown A. Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication: a case series and review. J Emerg Med. 2013;44:360-6.
  • Fattore L, Fratta W. Beyond THC: The New Generation of Cannabinoid Designer Drugs. Front Behav Neurosci. 2011:21;5:60.
  • Every-Palmer S. Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;1;117:152-7.
  • Hurst D, Loeffler G, McLay R.Psychosis associated with synthetic cannabinoid agonists: a case series. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:1119.
  • Moosmann B, Kneisel S, Girreser U, Brecht V, Westphal F, Auwärter V. Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of “spice gold”. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009;106:464-67.
  • Oluwabusi OO, Lobach L, Akhtar U, Youngman B, Ambrosini PJ. Synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychosis:two adolescent cases. J Child Adol Psychop 2012:22:393.
  • Wiley JL, Marusich JA, Martin BR, Huffman JW.1-Pentyl-3- phenylacetylindoles and JWH-018 share in vivo cannabinoid profiles in mice. Drug Alcohol Depen 2012:123:48.
  • Wiley J, Compton D, Dai D, Lainton J, Phillips M, Huffman J, Martin B: Structure-activity relationships of indole- and pyrrole-derived cannabinoids; J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998:285:995.
  • Vardakou I, Pistos C, Spiliopoulou C: Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation; Toxicol Lett 2010:197:157.
  • Gurney SMR, Scott KS, Kacinko SL, et al. Pharmacology, toxicology, and adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoid drugs; Forensic Sci Rev 2014;26:53.
  • Sarıkaya M, Taşer N. Bonzai Kullanımına Bağlı Toksik Hepatit. EP-17. 5. Hepatoloji Okulu 30 Mayıs-1 Haziran 2014, Kocaeli.
  • 2013 Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu. http://www.kom.gov.tr/Tr/
  • Dosyalar/2013_TURKIYE_UYUSTURUCU_ RAPORU. pdf.Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
  • Aksel G, Bozan Ö, Kayacı M, Güneysel Ö, Sezgin SB, Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2015 http://www.trjemergmed.com/ jvi.aspx?pdir=tatd&plng=eng&un=TATD-80388&look4=.Erişim tarihi:20.04.2015.
  • Merola G1, Aturki Z, D’Orazio G, Gottardo R, Macchia T, Tagliaro F, Fanali S. Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends by means of nano-liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2012;71:45-53.
  • Dresen S, Kneisel S, Weinmann W, Zimmermann R, Auwärter V.Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of synthetic cannabinoids of the aminoalkylindole type and methanandamide in serum and its application to forensic samples. J Mass Spectrom. 2011 Feb;46:163-71.
  • Coulter C, Garnier M, Moore C. Synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid. J Anal Toxicol 2011;35:424-30.
  • Artuç S, Doğan KH, Demirci Ş. Uyuşturucu maddelerde yeni trend: sentetik kannabinoidler. Adli Tıp Bülteni, 2014;19:198-20.
  • Pscyhonaut Web Mapping Research Group. Spice Report. www. psychonautproject.eu/documents/reports/Spice.pdf. Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
  • 2011 National report (2010 data) to the EMCDDA. ‘TURKEY’New Development , Trends and in-depth information on selected issues. Reitox National Focal Point, 2012. http://www.emcdda.europa. eu/attachments.cfm/att_191577_EN_Turkey_2011.pdf. Erişim tarihi:15.03.2015.
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There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Işıl Pakiş

Oğuz Polat

Publication Date March 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016Issue: 1

Cite

EndNote Pakiş I, Polat O (March 1, 2016) Sentetik Kannabinoidler. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 1 6–13.