Öz
Energy balance in humans is a dynamic process that changes daily. İmpairment of this process, a small yet significant problem, which is based on a simple balance between energy intake and energy expenditure, can lead to obesity, cachexia and related secondary diseases. Although there are many studies dealing with the effects of hormones on appetite control and energy intake, there are very limited studies on the role of the hormones on energy expenditure. The major cause of these limitations is the difficulties encountered in assessing the energy consumption. The main hormones that may be considered effective on energy expenditure and the mechanisms of action, have been investigated within the framework of the current research. Insulin regulates hyperglycaemiainduced increase in energy requirement and decreases resting energy expenditure DEH . In general, the studies on thyroid hormones report on resting energy expenditure directly related thyroid hormone levels; however, some studies indicate that total energy expenditure is not affected by thyroid hormone levels and some of them showed a negative correlation. Effects of the irisin on glucose metabolism and brown adipose tissue for the treatment of obesity and diabetes are hopeful. Estrogen is important for the energy metabolism due to effects on both white, and brown adipose tissue in women. High cortisol levels increase carbohydrate intake and energy expenditure slows down. The stimulation of gluconeogenesis by adrenaline, has positive effects on appetite and increases the brown adiposities by stimulation of UCP1. The effect of hormones on energy expenditure, the roles in the treatment of diseases associated with energy metabolism, dose and duration and possible interactions are questions that need clarification within current research
Anahtar Kelimeler
Energy expenditure hormone basal metabolic rate thermogenic effect
Kaynakça
- Merdol TK, Başoğlu S. Örer N. Beslenme ve Diyetetik Açıklamalı Sözlük. Hatiboğlu Yayınları, Ankara 1999.
- Vaitkus JA., Farrar JS., Celi FS. Thyroid Hormone Mediated Modulation of Energy Expenditure. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015; 16:16158-75. [CrossRef]
- Buscemi S, Verga S, Caimi G, Cerasola G. A low resting metabolic rate is associated with metabolic syndrome. Clinical Nutrition 2007;26:806–9. [CrossRef] .
- Fagour C, Gonzalez C, Suberville C, Higueret P, Rabemanantsoa C, Beauvieux MC, et al. Early decrease in resting energy expenditure with bedtime insulin therapy. Diabetes & Metabolism 2009;35:332-5. [CrossRef]
- Gougeon R. Thermic and metabolic responses to oral glucose in obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus treated with insülin or a very-low-energy diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:78–86. [CrossRef]
- Buscemi S, Donatelli M, Grosso G, Vasto S, Galvano F, Costa F et al. Resting energy expenditure in type 2 diabetic patients and the effect of insulin bolus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practise 2014;106:605-10. [CrossRef]
- Fan X, Anderson EJ, Copeland PM, Borba CP, Nguyen DD, Freudenreich O et al. Higher Fasting Serum Insulin Is Associated with Increased Resting Energy Expenditure in Nondiabetic Schizophrenia Patients. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:1372–7. [CrossRef]
- Fan X, Liu E, Pristach C, Goff DC, Henderson DC. Higher Fasting Serum Insulin Is Associated with Increased Resting Energy Expenditure in Nondiabetic Schizophrenia Patients. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:1372–7. [CrossRef]
- Xia SF, Duan XM, Hao LY, Li LT, Cheng XR, Xie ZX et al. Role of thyroid hormone homeostasis in obesity prone. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 2015;64:566-79. [CrossRef]
- Spadafranca A, Cappelletti C, Leone A, Vignati L, Battezzati A, Bedogni G et al. Relationship between thyroid hormones, resting energy expenditure and cardiometabolic risk factors in euthyroid subjects. Clinical Nutrition 2015;34:674-8. [CrossRef]
- Spadafranca A, Cappelletti C, Leone A, Vignati L, Battezzati A, Bedogni G, Bertoli S. Relationship between thyroid hormones, resting energy expenditure and cardiometabolic risk factors in euthyroid subjects. Clinical Nutrition. 2015;34:674-8. [CrossRef]
- Nagel A. et al. Association of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone with Resting Energy Expenditure in Euthyroid Elderly Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ann Nutr Metab 2016;68:12–8. [CrossRef]
- McAninch EA, Bianco AC. Thyroid hormone signaling in energy homeostasis and energy Metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1311:77–87. [CrossRef]
- Broeders EP et al. Thyroid Hormone Activates Brown Tissue and Increases Non-Shivering Thermogenesis - A Cohort Study in of Thyroid Carcinoma Patients. 2016 19;11:e0145049. [CrossRef]
- Polyzos SA, Mathew H, Mantzoros CS. Irisin: A true, circulating hormone. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental. 2015; 64:1611–8. [CrossRef]
- Stengel A, Hofmann T, Goebel-Stengel M, Elbelt U, Kobelt P, Klapp BF. Circulating levels of irisin in patients with anorexia nervosa and different stages of obesity – Correlation with body mass index. Peptides. 2013;39:125–30. [CrossRef]
- Huh JY, Mougios V, Skraparlis A, Kabasakalis A, Mantzoros CS. Irisin in response to acute and chronic whole-body vibration exercise in humans.Metabolism Clinical and Experimental. 2014;63:918-21. [CrossRef]
- Samy DM, Ismail CA, Nassra RA. Circulating Irisin Concentrations in Rat Models of Thyroid Dysfunction — Effect of Exercise. Metabolism (Clinical and Experimental) 2015;64:804–13. [CrossRef]
- Tsuchiya Y, Ando D, Takamatsu K, Goto K. Resistance exercise induces a greater irisin response than endurance exercise. Metabolism (Clinical and Experimental) 2015;64:1042–50. [CrossRef]
- Hofmann T, Elbelt U, Stengel A. Irisin Levels ar not Affected by Physical Activty in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. 2014;6;4:202. [CrossRef]
- Pardo M, Crujeiras AB, Amil M, Aguera Z, Jiménez-Murcia S, Baños R et al. Association of Irisin with Fat Mass, Resting Energy Expenditure and Daily Activity in Conditions of Extreme Body Mass Index. International Journal of Endocrinology Volume 2014: Article ID:857270. [CrossRef]
- Hofmann T, Elbelt U, Stengel A. Irisin as a muscle-derived hormone stimulating thermogenesis – A critical update. Peptides 2014;54:89– 100. [CrossRef]
- Shen M. Shi H. Sex Hormones and Their Receptors Regulate Liver Energy Homeostasis. International Journal of Endocrinology 2015; [CrossRef]
- Lopez M, Tena-Sempere M. Estrogens and the control of energy. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2015;26:411-21. [CrossRef]
- Ropero AB, Alonso-Magdalena P, Quesada I, Nadal A. The role of estrogen receptors in the control of energy and glucose homeostasis. Steroids. 2008;73: 874–9. [CrossRef]
- Liu X and Shi H. Regulation of Estrogen Receptor alfa Expression in the Hypothalamus by Sex Steroids: Implication in the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2015, Article ID 949085, [CrossRef]
- Chen JQ, Brown TR, Russo J. Regulation of energy metabolism pathways by estrogens and estrogenic chemicals and potential implications in obesity associated with increased exposure to endocrine disruptors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2009; 1793:1128–43. [CrossRef]
- Lovejoy JC, Champagne CM, de Jonge L, Xie H, Smith SR. Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:949–58. [CrossRef]
- Hewagalamulage SD, Lee TK, Clarke IJ, Henry BA. Stress, cortisol, and obesity: a role for cortisol responsiveness in identifying individuals prone to obesity. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 2016;56:112-20. [CrossRef]
- Trueba AF, Simon E, Auchus RJ, Ritz T. Cortisol response to acute stress in asthma: Moderation by Cortisol response to acute stress in asthma: Moderation by depressive mood. Physiology & Behavior 2016;159:20–6. [CrossRef]
- Vicennati V, Pasqui F, Cavazza C, Garelli S, Casadio E, di Dalmazi G, et al. Cortisol, energy intake, and food frequency in overweight/obese women. Nutrition. 2011;27:677–80. [CrossRef]
- Sboll S, Scholz R. Control of energy metabolism by glucagon and adrenaline in perfused rat liver. FEBS 1986;205.
- Ueta CB, Fernandes GW, Capelo LP, Fonseca TL, Maculan FD, Gouveia CH, et al. β(1) Adrenergic receptor is key to cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis in mice. Journal of Endocrinology. 2012;214:359–65. [CrossRef]
- Bracale R, Petroni ML, Davinelli S, Bracale U, Scapagnini G, Carruba MO, et al. Muscle Uncoupling Protein 3 Expression Is Unchanged by Chronic Ephedrine/Caffeine Treatment: Results of a Double Blind, Randomised Clinical Trial in Morbidly Obese Females. PLOS ONE. 2014; 6;9:e98244. [CrossRef]
- Abreu-Vieira G, Hagberg CE, Spalding KL, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Adrenergically stimulated blood flow in brown adipose tissue is not dependent on thermogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015;1;308(9):E822-9. [CrossRef]
- Wang S, et al. Curcumin promotes browning of white adipose tissue in a norepinephrine-dependent way. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2015;16:466: 247-53. [CrossRef]
Öz
İnsanlarda enerji dengesi günlük değişen dinamik bir süreçtir. Enerji alımı ve kullanımı arasındaki basit dengeye dayanan bu süreçteki olumsuzluklar obezite, kaşeksi ve bunlara bağlı sekonder hastalıklara yol açabileceği için küçük ama önemli sorunlardır. Enerji alımı ve iştah kontrolü üzerinde etkili olan hormonlarla ilgili birçok çalışma olmasına rağmen hormonların enerji harcamasındaki rolü ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar çok sınırlıdır. Enerji harcamasının değerlendirilmesindeki zorluklar bu kısıtlılığın başlıca sebebidir. Bu makalede enerji harcaması üzerinde etkili olabileceği düşünülen başlıca hormonlar ve etki mekanizmaları güncel literatür çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. İnsülin higerglisemiye bağlı enerji ihtiyacındaki artışı düzenler ve dinlenme enerji harcamasını DEH azaltır. Troid Hormonları ile ilgili çalışmaların genelinde troid hormon düzeyleri ile DEH’nın doğru orantılı olduğu bildirilmektedir, ancak bazı çalışmalar günlük enerji harcamasının troid hormon seviyelerinden etkilenmediğini hatta negatif korelasyon gösterdiğini belirtmektedir. İrisin, kahverengi yağ doku ve glikoz metabolizması üzerindeki etkileriyle obezite ve diyabet tedavisi için umut vermektedir. Östrojen, kadınlarda hem beyaz, hem de kahverengi yağ doku üzerinde etkileri enerji metabolizması için önemlidir. Kortizol sürekli yüksek seyrettiği durumlarda karbonhidratlı gıda alımı artar, bazal enerji harcaması yavaşlar. Adrenalin, glikoneogenezisi situmule ederek iştahı olumlu etkiler ve UCP1’i sitimule ederek beyaz yağ dokuda kahverengileşmeyi arttırır. Hormonların enerji harcamasına etkileri, enerji metabolizması ile ilgili hastalıkların tedavisindeki rolleri, kullanım doz ve süreleri ve olası etkileşimleri gibi konular güncel araştırmaların aydınlatılması gereken sorularıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Enerji harcaması hormonlar bazal metabolima hızı termojenik etki
Kaynakça
- Merdol TK, Başoğlu S. Örer N. Beslenme ve Diyetetik Açıklamalı Sözlük. Hatiboğlu Yayınları, Ankara 1999.
- Vaitkus JA., Farrar JS., Celi FS. Thyroid Hormone Mediated Modulation of Energy Expenditure. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015; 16:16158-75. [CrossRef]
- Buscemi S, Verga S, Caimi G, Cerasola G. A low resting metabolic rate is associated with metabolic syndrome. Clinical Nutrition 2007;26:806–9. [CrossRef] .
- Fagour C, Gonzalez C, Suberville C, Higueret P, Rabemanantsoa C, Beauvieux MC, et al. Early decrease in resting energy expenditure with bedtime insulin therapy. Diabetes & Metabolism 2009;35:332-5. [CrossRef]
- Gougeon R. Thermic and metabolic responses to oral glucose in obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus treated with insülin or a very-low-energy diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:78–86. [CrossRef]
- Buscemi S, Donatelli M, Grosso G, Vasto S, Galvano F, Costa F et al. Resting energy expenditure in type 2 diabetic patients and the effect of insulin bolus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practise 2014;106:605-10. [CrossRef]
- Fan X, Anderson EJ, Copeland PM, Borba CP, Nguyen DD, Freudenreich O et al. Higher Fasting Serum Insulin Is Associated with Increased Resting Energy Expenditure in Nondiabetic Schizophrenia Patients. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:1372–7. [CrossRef]
- Fan X, Liu E, Pristach C, Goff DC, Henderson DC. Higher Fasting Serum Insulin Is Associated with Increased Resting Energy Expenditure in Nondiabetic Schizophrenia Patients. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:1372–7. [CrossRef]
- Xia SF, Duan XM, Hao LY, Li LT, Cheng XR, Xie ZX et al. Role of thyroid hormone homeostasis in obesity prone. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 2015;64:566-79. [CrossRef]
- Spadafranca A, Cappelletti C, Leone A, Vignati L, Battezzati A, Bedogni G et al. Relationship between thyroid hormones, resting energy expenditure and cardiometabolic risk factors in euthyroid subjects. Clinical Nutrition 2015;34:674-8. [CrossRef]
- Spadafranca A, Cappelletti C, Leone A, Vignati L, Battezzati A, Bedogni G, Bertoli S. Relationship between thyroid hormones, resting energy expenditure and cardiometabolic risk factors in euthyroid subjects. Clinical Nutrition. 2015;34:674-8. [CrossRef]
- Nagel A. et al. Association of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone with Resting Energy Expenditure in Euthyroid Elderly Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ann Nutr Metab 2016;68:12–8. [CrossRef]
- McAninch EA, Bianco AC. Thyroid hormone signaling in energy homeostasis and energy Metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1311:77–87. [CrossRef]
- Broeders EP et al. Thyroid Hormone Activates Brown Tissue and Increases Non-Shivering Thermogenesis - A Cohort Study in of Thyroid Carcinoma Patients. 2016 19;11:e0145049. [CrossRef]
- Polyzos SA, Mathew H, Mantzoros CS. Irisin: A true, circulating hormone. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental. 2015; 64:1611–8. [CrossRef]
- Stengel A, Hofmann T, Goebel-Stengel M, Elbelt U, Kobelt P, Klapp BF. Circulating levels of irisin in patients with anorexia nervosa and different stages of obesity – Correlation with body mass index. Peptides. 2013;39:125–30. [CrossRef]
- Huh JY, Mougios V, Skraparlis A, Kabasakalis A, Mantzoros CS. Irisin in response to acute and chronic whole-body vibration exercise in humans.Metabolism Clinical and Experimental. 2014;63:918-21. [CrossRef]
- Samy DM, Ismail CA, Nassra RA. Circulating Irisin Concentrations in Rat Models of Thyroid Dysfunction — Effect of Exercise. Metabolism (Clinical and Experimental) 2015;64:804–13. [CrossRef]
- Tsuchiya Y, Ando D, Takamatsu K, Goto K. Resistance exercise induces a greater irisin response than endurance exercise. Metabolism (Clinical and Experimental) 2015;64:1042–50. [CrossRef]
- Hofmann T, Elbelt U, Stengel A. Irisin Levels ar not Affected by Physical Activty in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. 2014;6;4:202. [CrossRef]
- Pardo M, Crujeiras AB, Amil M, Aguera Z, Jiménez-Murcia S, Baños R et al. Association of Irisin with Fat Mass, Resting Energy Expenditure and Daily Activity in Conditions of Extreme Body Mass Index. International Journal of Endocrinology Volume 2014: Article ID:857270. [CrossRef]
- Hofmann T, Elbelt U, Stengel A. Irisin as a muscle-derived hormone stimulating thermogenesis – A critical update. Peptides 2014;54:89– 100. [CrossRef]
- Shen M. Shi H. Sex Hormones and Their Receptors Regulate Liver Energy Homeostasis. International Journal of Endocrinology 2015; [CrossRef]
- Lopez M, Tena-Sempere M. Estrogens and the control of energy. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2015;26:411-21. [CrossRef]
- Ropero AB, Alonso-Magdalena P, Quesada I, Nadal A. The role of estrogen receptors in the control of energy and glucose homeostasis. Steroids. 2008;73: 874–9. [CrossRef]
- Liu X and Shi H. Regulation of Estrogen Receptor alfa Expression in the Hypothalamus by Sex Steroids: Implication in the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2015, Article ID 949085, [CrossRef]
- Chen JQ, Brown TR, Russo J. Regulation of energy metabolism pathways by estrogens and estrogenic chemicals and potential implications in obesity associated with increased exposure to endocrine disruptors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2009; 1793:1128–43. [CrossRef]
- Lovejoy JC, Champagne CM, de Jonge L, Xie H, Smith SR. Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:949–58. [CrossRef]
- Hewagalamulage SD, Lee TK, Clarke IJ, Henry BA. Stress, cortisol, and obesity: a role for cortisol responsiveness in identifying individuals prone to obesity. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 2016;56:112-20. [CrossRef]
- Trueba AF, Simon E, Auchus RJ, Ritz T. Cortisol response to acute stress in asthma: Moderation by Cortisol response to acute stress in asthma: Moderation by depressive mood. Physiology & Behavior 2016;159:20–6. [CrossRef]
- Vicennati V, Pasqui F, Cavazza C, Garelli S, Casadio E, di Dalmazi G, et al. Cortisol, energy intake, and food frequency in overweight/obese women. Nutrition. 2011;27:677–80. [CrossRef]
- Sboll S, Scholz R. Control of energy metabolism by glucagon and adrenaline in perfused rat liver. FEBS 1986;205.
- Ueta CB, Fernandes GW, Capelo LP, Fonseca TL, Maculan FD, Gouveia CH, et al. β(1) Adrenergic receptor is key to cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis in mice. Journal of Endocrinology. 2012;214:359–65. [CrossRef]
- Bracale R, Petroni ML, Davinelli S, Bracale U, Scapagnini G, Carruba MO, et al. Muscle Uncoupling Protein 3 Expression Is Unchanged by Chronic Ephedrine/Caffeine Treatment: Results of a Double Blind, Randomised Clinical Trial in Morbidly Obese Females. PLOS ONE. 2014; 6;9:e98244. [CrossRef]
- Abreu-Vieira G, Hagberg CE, Spalding KL, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Adrenergically stimulated blood flow in brown adipose tissue is not dependent on thermogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015;1;308(9):E822-9. [CrossRef]
- Wang S, et al. Curcumin promotes browning of white adipose tissue in a norepinephrine-dependent way. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2015;16:466: 247-53. [CrossRef]
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Collection |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Eylül 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018Sayı: 3 |