The Determination of Usage Prevalance of Corn Syrups In Processed Food Products In Turkey and Health Risks
Abstract
Objective: Due to, studies related to corn syrups on health, the discussion of their usage in foods has become very popular today. If the adverse health effects are demonstrated precisely, they may be banned in the future. The aim of this study was determining prevalence and amounts of use of the these syrups in processed foods chocolates, cakes, biscuits, confectionary, jams, etc. produced in Turkey. It was also aimed to discuss the risks that they create for health.Method: In this study, the content of glucose, fructose and maltose sugars of corn syrups of 214 samples from 21 different companies in Turkey were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography HPLC . The sucrose contents of these samples were also determined by the same method.Results: At least one of the corn syrup sugars was determined in the 151 of the 214 samples. The highest amount of maltose averaging 26.5% was determined in candies. Honey flavored syrups averaging glucose=16.7%, fructose=12.8%, maltose=26.2% and jams averaging glucose=15.4%, fructose=10.3%, maltose=16.9% were found to contain significant quantities of corn syrups. At least one of the corn syrup sugars was determined in 33 of the 57 sweet biscuits and 51 of 53 cakes. Discussions: It has been found that corn syrups were in widespread usage in food products examined in our work. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the total sugar content of these products is very high. Due to metabolic and developmental toxic effects of high amounts of sugar intake, carefully and limited consumption of these products would be appropriate
Keywords
References
- Parker K, Salas M, Nwosu VC. High fructose corn syrup: Production, Uses and Public Health Concerns. Biotech Mol Biol Rev 2010;5:71–8.
- Korkmaz A. Fruktoz; Kronik Hastalıklar İçin Gizli Bir Tehdit. TAF Prev Med Bull 2008;7:343–6.
- Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ. Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:911–22. [CrossRef]
- Rizkalla SW. Health implications of fructose consumption: A review of recent data. Nutr Metab 2010;7:82. [CrossRef]
- Cha SH, Wolfgang MJ, Tokutakeb Y, Chohnan S, Lane MD. Differential effects of central fructose and glucose on hypothalamic malonyl- CoA and food intake. Proc Natl Acad SciU S A 2008;105:16871–5. [CrossRef]
- Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:537–43. [CrossRef]
- Melanson KJ, Angelopoulos TJ, Nguyen V, Zukley L, Lowndes J, Rippe JM. High fructose corn syrup, energy intake, and appetite regulation. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1738S–44S. [CrossRef]
- Williams P. High Fructose Corn Syrup and Obesity, https://facs. usu.edu/files/uploads/Williams%20Handout.pdf Access Date: 20.06.2017.
- Bray GA. The epidemic of obesity and changes in food intake: the fluoride hypothesis. Physiol Behav 2004;82:115–21. [CrossRef]
- Hu FB, Malik VS. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: epidemiologic evidence. Physiol Behav 2010;100:47–54. [CrossRef]
- Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Fructose consumption: recent results and their potential implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1190:15–24. [CrossRef]
- Anderson GH. Much ado about high-fructose corn syrup in beverages: the meat of the matter. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1577–8. [CrossRef]
- Jones JM. Dietary sweeteners containing fructose: overview of a workshop on the state of the science. J Nutr 2009;139:1210S–3S. [CrossRef]
- Livesey G, Taylor R. Fructose consumption and consequences for glycation, plasma triacylglycerol, and body weight: meta-analyses and meta-regression models of intervention studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1419–37. [CrossRef]
- Mattes RD, Shikany JM, Kaiser KA, Allison DB. Nutritively sweetened beverage consumption and body weight: a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized experiments. Obes Rev 2010;12:346– 65. [CrossRef]
- Sun SZ, Anderson GH, Flickinger BD, Williamson-Hughes PS, Empie MW. Fructose and non-fructose sugar intakes in the US population and their associations with indicators of metabolic syndrome. Food Chem Toxicol 2011;49:2875–82. [CrossRef]
- Tappy L, Le KA. Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity. Physiol Rev 2010;90:23–46. [CrossRef]
- Tran LT, MacLeod KM, McNeill JH. Selective alpha(1)-adrenoceptor blockade prevents fructose-induced hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem 2014;392:205–11. [CrossRef]
- Lírio LM, Forechi L, Zanardo TC, Batista HM, Meira EF, Nogueira BV, et al. Chronic fructose intake accelerates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the presence of essential hypertension. J Diabetes Complications 2016;30:85–92. [CrossRef]
- Pietro C, Sato W, Reungjui S, Heinig M, Gersch M, Sautin Y, et al. Uric Acid, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Renal Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:165–8. [CrossRef]
- Arromdee E, Michet CJ, Crowson CS, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Epidemiology of gout: is the incidence rising? J Rheumatol 2002;29:2403–6.
- Nomura K, Yamanouchi T. The role of fructose-enriched diets in mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2012;23:203–8. [CrossRef]
- LeBlanc BW, Eggleston G, Sammataro D, Cornett C, Dufault R, Deeby T, St Cyr E. Formation of hydroxymethylfurfural in domestic high- fructose corn syrup and its toxicity to the honeybee (Apis mellifera). J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:7369–76. [CrossRef]
- White JS. Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: what it is and what it ain’t 1–4. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1716S–21S. [CrossRef]
- Türkiye Şeker Fabrikaları A.Ş. Sektör Raporu 2016, http://www. turkseker.gov.tr/sektor_raporu_2017.pdf Access Date: 02.08.2017
- Goran MI, Ulijaszek SJ, Ventura EE. High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: A global perspective. Glob Public Health 2013;8:55–64. [CrossRef]
- Basu S, Yoffe P, Hills N, Lustig RH. The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: An econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e57873. [CrossRef]
- Weeratunga P, Jayasinghe S, Perera Y, Jayasena G, Jayasinghe S. Per capita sugar consumption and prevalence of diabetes mellitus - global and regional associations. BMC Public Health 2014;14:186. [CrossRef]
- Woerner A. This graphic shows how much sugar is hiding on your plate. http://dailyburn.com/life/health/daily-sugar-intake- infographic/ Access Date: 20.06.2017.
- WHO Media Centre. WHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among adults and children, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ news/releases/2015/sugar-guideline/en/ Access Date: 20.06.2017
TÜRKİYE’DE İŞLENMİŞ GIDA ÜRÜNLERİNDE MISIR ŞURUPLARININ KULLANIM YAYGINLIĞININ BELİRLENMESİ VE SAĞLIK RİSKLERİ
Abstract
Amaç: Mısır şuruplarının sağlık üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri hakkındaki çalışmalar nedeniyle gıdalarda kullanılmalarına dair tartışmalar günümüzde oldukça popüler hale gelmiştir. Bu maddelerin sağlık üzerine olumsuz etkileri kesin şekilde ispatlanırsa gelecekte yasaklanmaları söz konusu olabilecektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı mısır şuruplarının ülkemizde üretilen işlenmiş gıda ürünlerinde Çikolata, kek, bisküvi, şekerleme, reçel vb. günümüzdeki kullanımlarının ne yaygınlıkta ve ne oranda olduğunu belirlemek olup sağlık için oluşturdukları risklerin tartışılması da hedeflenmiştir.Yöntem: Bu çalışmada Türkiye de üretim yapan 21 farklı firmaya ait 214 numunenin mısır şurubu kaynaklı glikoz, früktoz ve maltoz içerikleri yüksek basınçlı sıvı kromatografisi HPLC cihazıyla incelenmiştir. Bu numunelerin sofra şekeri sakaroz içerikleri de aynı yöntemle belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmada 214 numunenin 151’inde glikoz, früktoz veya maltoz şurubu içeriğinde bulunan şekerlerden en az biri tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek maltoz miktarı ortalama %26,5 ile şekerlerdedir. Bal aromalı şuruplar ortalama %16,7 glikoz, %12,8 früktoz, %26,2 maltoz ve reçeller ortalama % 15,4 glikoz, %10,3 früktoz, %16,9 maltoz önemli miktarda glikoz/früktoz şurubu içermektedir. 57 tatlı bisküvinin 33’ünde, 53 kekin 51’inde mısır şuruplarının içeriğinde bulunan şekerlerden en az biri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda incelenen işlenmiş gıda ürünleri tiplerinde mısır şuruplarının yaygın olarak kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra bu ürünlerin bu şurupları yaygın içermesi kadar toplam şeker içeriklerinin de çok yüksek olması dikkat çekmektedir. Yüksek miktarda şeker alımının metabolik ve gelişimsel toksik etkileri nedeniyle bu ürünlerin dikkatli ve sınırlı tüketilmesi uygun olacaktır
Keywords
References
- Parker K, Salas M, Nwosu VC. High fructose corn syrup: Production, Uses and Public Health Concerns. Biotech Mol Biol Rev 2010;5:71–8.
- Korkmaz A. Fruktoz; Kronik Hastalıklar İçin Gizli Bir Tehdit. TAF Prev Med Bull 2008;7:343–6.
- Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ. Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:911–22. [CrossRef]
- Rizkalla SW. Health implications of fructose consumption: A review of recent data. Nutr Metab 2010;7:82. [CrossRef]
- Cha SH, Wolfgang MJ, Tokutakeb Y, Chohnan S, Lane MD. Differential effects of central fructose and glucose on hypothalamic malonyl- CoA and food intake. Proc Natl Acad SciU S A 2008;105:16871–5. [CrossRef]
- Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:537–43. [CrossRef]
- Melanson KJ, Angelopoulos TJ, Nguyen V, Zukley L, Lowndes J, Rippe JM. High fructose corn syrup, energy intake, and appetite regulation. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1738S–44S. [CrossRef]
- Williams P. High Fructose Corn Syrup and Obesity, https://facs. usu.edu/files/uploads/Williams%20Handout.pdf Access Date: 20.06.2017.
- Bray GA. The epidemic of obesity and changes in food intake: the fluoride hypothesis. Physiol Behav 2004;82:115–21. [CrossRef]
- Hu FB, Malik VS. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: epidemiologic evidence. Physiol Behav 2010;100:47–54. [CrossRef]
- Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Fructose consumption: recent results and their potential implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1190:15–24. [CrossRef]
- Anderson GH. Much ado about high-fructose corn syrup in beverages: the meat of the matter. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1577–8. [CrossRef]
- Jones JM. Dietary sweeteners containing fructose: overview of a workshop on the state of the science. J Nutr 2009;139:1210S–3S. [CrossRef]
- Livesey G, Taylor R. Fructose consumption and consequences for glycation, plasma triacylglycerol, and body weight: meta-analyses and meta-regression models of intervention studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1419–37. [CrossRef]
- Mattes RD, Shikany JM, Kaiser KA, Allison DB. Nutritively sweetened beverage consumption and body weight: a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized experiments. Obes Rev 2010;12:346– 65. [CrossRef]
- Sun SZ, Anderson GH, Flickinger BD, Williamson-Hughes PS, Empie MW. Fructose and non-fructose sugar intakes in the US population and their associations with indicators of metabolic syndrome. Food Chem Toxicol 2011;49:2875–82. [CrossRef]
- Tappy L, Le KA. Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity. Physiol Rev 2010;90:23–46. [CrossRef]
- Tran LT, MacLeod KM, McNeill JH. Selective alpha(1)-adrenoceptor blockade prevents fructose-induced hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem 2014;392:205–11. [CrossRef]
- Lírio LM, Forechi L, Zanardo TC, Batista HM, Meira EF, Nogueira BV, et al. Chronic fructose intake accelerates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the presence of essential hypertension. J Diabetes Complications 2016;30:85–92. [CrossRef]
- Pietro C, Sato W, Reungjui S, Heinig M, Gersch M, Sautin Y, et al. Uric Acid, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Renal Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:165–8. [CrossRef]
- Arromdee E, Michet CJ, Crowson CS, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Epidemiology of gout: is the incidence rising? J Rheumatol 2002;29:2403–6.
- Nomura K, Yamanouchi T. The role of fructose-enriched diets in mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2012;23:203–8. [CrossRef]
- LeBlanc BW, Eggleston G, Sammataro D, Cornett C, Dufault R, Deeby T, St Cyr E. Formation of hydroxymethylfurfural in domestic high- fructose corn syrup and its toxicity to the honeybee (Apis mellifera). J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:7369–76. [CrossRef]
- White JS. Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: what it is and what it ain’t 1–4. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1716S–21S. [CrossRef]
- Türkiye Şeker Fabrikaları A.Ş. Sektör Raporu 2016, http://www. turkseker.gov.tr/sektor_raporu_2017.pdf Access Date: 02.08.2017
- Goran MI, Ulijaszek SJ, Ventura EE. High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: A global perspective. Glob Public Health 2013;8:55–64. [CrossRef]
- Basu S, Yoffe P, Hills N, Lustig RH. The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: An econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e57873. [CrossRef]
- Weeratunga P, Jayasinghe S, Perera Y, Jayasena G, Jayasinghe S. Per capita sugar consumption and prevalence of diabetes mellitus - global and regional associations. BMC Public Health 2014;14:186. [CrossRef]
- Woerner A. This graphic shows how much sugar is hiding on your plate. http://dailyburn.com/life/health/daily-sugar-intake- infographic/ Access Date: 20.06.2017.
- WHO Media Centre. WHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among adults and children, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ news/releases/2015/sugar-guideline/en/ Access Date: 20.06.2017
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 1, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019Issue: 1 |