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The Association of Bullying With Alexithymia, Metacognition and Associated Mental Health Problems

Year 2020, Issue: 2, 257 - 263, 01.06.2020

Mesut Yavuz Arzu Önal Sönmez Selcan Arslandoğdu Yasemin Gamze Aksoy Zeynep Yentürk

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of alexithymic characteristics, metacognitive problems, mental and behavioral problems on the risk of the development of bullying behaviors and to be a victim of bullying. Study design: 450 students 61%girls, n=278 aged between 14-17 recruited from one Anatolian high school and another high school were included in this study. 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Metacognitions questionnaire for children, and Strengths and difficulties questionnaire self-report form were used as measures. Data were analyzed by independent sample t-test, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and multivariate linear regression analysis. Results: The results revealed that alexithymia and behavioral problems increase the risk of being a victim; and behavioral problems, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder/symptoms and peer problems increase the risk of bullying behaviors. Conclusion: Early identification and treatment of alexithymia and behavioral problems may prevent the development of bullying behaviors and being a victim of bullying; and also may prevent mental and behavioral problems associated with bullying in later stages of life.

Keywords

bullying alexithymia metacognition adolescence

References

  • Olweus, D. Bullying at School: Knowledge Base and an Effective Intervention Program. In C. F. Ferris & T. Grisso (Eds.), Understanding Aggressive Behavior in Children New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1996: 265-76.
  • Lodder GM, Scholte RH, Cillessen AH, Giletta M. Bully Victimization: Selection and Influence Within Adolescent Friendship Networks and Cliques. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45: 132-44. [CrossRef]
  • Craig W, Harel-Fisch Y, Fogel-Grinvald H, Dostaler S, Hetland J, Simons-Morton B, et al. A Cross-National Profile of Bullying and Victimization Among Adolescents in 40 Countries. Int J Public Health 2009; 54 (Supp 2): 216-24. [CrossRef]
  • Hesapçıoğlu ST, Yeşilova H. Feelings, Thoughts and Attitudes of High School Students Toward School Bullying and the Bullies. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2015; 16: 284-93. [CrossRef]
  • Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä M, Rantanen P, Rimpelä A. Bullying at School an Indicator of Adolescents at Risk for Mental Disorders. J Adolesc 2000; 23: 661-74. [CrossRef]
  • Copeland WE, Wolke D, Angold A, Costello EJ. Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Bullying and Being Bullied by Peers in Childhood and Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70: 419-26. [CrossRef]
  • Camodeca M, Goossens FA. Aggression, Social Cognitions, Anger and Sadness in Bullies and Victims. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005;46:186-97. [CrossRef]
  • Cook CR, Williams KR, Guerra NG, Kim TE, Sadek S. Predictors of Bullying and Victimization in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta- Analytic Investigation. Sch Psychol Q 2010; 25: 65-83. [CrossRef]
  • Nemiah JC, Freyberger H, Sifneos PE. Alexithymia: A View of the Psychosomatic Process. Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine, third edition, OW Hill (Ed.), London: Butterworths, 1976: 430-39.
  • Grynberg D, Luminet O, Corneille O, Grezes J, Berthoz S. Alexithymia in the Interpersonal Domain: A General Deficit of Empathy. Pers Individ Dif 2010; 49: 845-50. [CrossRef]
  • Feldmanhall O, Dalgleish T, Mobbs D. Alexithymia Decreases Altruism in Real Social Decisions. Cortex 2013; 49: 899-904. [CrossRef]
  • Velotti P, Garofalo C, Petrocchi C, Cavallo F, Popolo R, Dimaggio G. Alexithymia, Emotion Dysregulation, Impulsivity and Aggression: A Multiple Mediation Model. Psychiatry Res 2016; 237: 296-303. [CrossRef]
  • Smith KE, Hudson JL. Metacognitive Beliefs and Processes in Clinical Anxiety in Children. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2013; 42: 590-602. [CrossRef]
  • Wells A. Meta-Cognition and Worry: A Cognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Behav Cogn Psychother 1995;23:301- 20. [CrossRef]
  • Papageorgiou C, Wells A. An Empirical Test of a Clinical Metacognitive Model of Rumination and Depression. Cognit Ther Res 2003;27:261-73.
  • Fernandez-Duque D, Baird JA, Posner MI. Executive Attention and Metacognitive Regulation. Conscious Cogn 2000; 9: 288-307. [CrossRef]
  • Nelson TO, Kruglanski AW & Jost,JT (1998). Knowing Thyself and Others: Progress in Metacognitive Social Psychology. In V. Yzerbyt, G. Lories, & B. Dardenne (Eds.), Metacognition: Cognitive and Social Dimensions. London: Sage; 66-89.
  • Ayas T, Pişkin M. Akran Zorbalığı Belirleme Ölçeği Ergen Formu. Akademik Bakış Dergisi 2015; 50: 316-24.
  • Bagby RM, Parker JD, Taylor GJ. The Twenty- Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale--I: Item Selection and Cross-Validation of the Factor Structure. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38: 23-32.
  • Bolat N, Yavuz M, Eliaçık K, Zorlu A, Evren C, Köse S. Psychometric Properties of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in a Turkish Adolescent Sample. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2017; 18: 362-68. [CrossRef]
  • Bacow TL, Pincus DB, Ehrenreich JT, Brody LR. The metacognitions questionnaire for children: development and validation in a clinical sample of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23: 727-36. [CrossRef]
  • Irak M. Üstbiliş Ölçeği Çocuk ve Ergen Formunun Türkçe Standardizasyonu, Kaygı ve Obsesif-Kompulsif Belirtilerle İlişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Derg 2012; 23: 47-54. [CrossRef]
  • Goodman R. The Strengths and Diffuculties Questionnarie: A research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997; 38: 581-6.
  • Güvenir T, Özbek A, Baykara B, Arkar H, Şentürk B, İncekaş S. Güçler ve Güçlükler Anketi’nin (GGA) Türkçe Uyarlamasının Psikometrik Özellikleri. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Derg 2008; 15: 65-74.
  • Topçu AE, Dönmez A. Bir Grup Süreci Olarak Akran Zorbalığı: Katılımcı Rollerinin Cinsiyet ve Sosyal Statü Açısından İncelenmesi. Türk Psikol Derg 2015; 30: 1-13.
  • Cohen P, Cohen J, Kasen S, Velez CN, Hartmark C, Johnson J, et al. An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence--I. Age- and gender-specific prevalence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993; 34:851-67.
  • Bolat N, Yavuz M, Eliaçık K, Zorlu A. The Relationships Between Problematic Internet Use, Alexithymia Levels and Attachment Characteristics in a Sample of Adolescents in a High School, Turkey. Psychol Health Med 2018; 23: 604-11. [CrossRef]
  • Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, Simons-Morton B, Scheidt P. Bullying Behaviors Among US Youth: Prevalence and Association with Psychosocial Adjustment. JAMA 2001; 285: 2094-100.
  • Guzzo G, Pace U, Lo Cascio V, Craparo G, Schimmenti A. Bullying Victimization, Post-Traumatic Symptoms, and the Mediating Role of Alexithymia. Child Indic Res 2014; 7: 141-53.
  • Salmivalli C, Karhunen J, Lagerspetz, KMJ. How do the Victims Respond to Bullying? Aggress Behav 1996; 22: 99-109. [CrossRef]
  • Tseng MH, Henderson A, Chow SM, Yao G. Relationship between motor proficiency, attention, impulse, and activity in children with ADHD. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46:381-8.
  • Kelly EV, Newton NC, Stapinski LA, Slade T, Barrett EL, Conrod PJ, et al. Suicidality, Internalizing Problems and Externalizing Problems Among Adolescent Bullies, Victims and Bully-Victims. Prev Med 2015; 73: 100-5. [CrossRef]

Akran Zorbalığının, Aleksitimi, Üst Biliş ve Eşlik Eden Ruhsal Sorunlar ile İlişkisi

Year 2020, Issue: 2, 257 - 263, 01.06.2020

Mesut Yavuz Arzu Önal Sönmez Selcan Arslandoğdu Yasemin Gamze Aksoy Zeynep Yentürk

Abstract

Amaç: Araştırmanın amacı, ergen yaş grubunda aleksitimi karakter özellikleri, üst bilişsel sorunlar ve eşlik eden ruhsal, davranışsal sorunların, akran zorbalığına maruz kalma ve zorbalık yapma üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesidir. Çalışma planı: Araştırmaya İstanbul ilinden bir anadolu lisesi ve bir düz liseden, 14-17 yaş aralığında 450 öğrenci %61 kız, n=278 dahil edilmiştir. Ölçek olarak 20 soruluk Toronto aleksitimi ölçeği, üst biliş ölçeği çocuk ve ergen formu, güçler ve güçlükler anketi öz bildirim formu kullanılmıştır. Veriler bağımsız örneklem t testi, Pearson momentler çarpımı korelasyon testi ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Aleksitimi ve davranışsal sorunların zorbalığa maruz kalma riskini arttırdığı; davranış sorunları, dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite belirtileri ve akran sorunlarının da zorba davranış gelişim riskini arttırdığı görülmüştür. Sonuç: Aleksitimi ve davranışsal sorunların erken tespit edilmesi ve tedavisi, zorbalığa uğrama ve zorbalık davranışı gelişimini ve yaşamın ilerki döneminde ortaya çıkabilecek ilişkili ruhsal ve davranışsal patolojileri önleyebilir.

Keywords

Zorbalık aleksitimi üst biliş ergenlik

References

  • Olweus, D. Bullying at School: Knowledge Base and an Effective Intervention Program. In C. F. Ferris & T. Grisso (Eds.), Understanding Aggressive Behavior in Children New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1996: 265-76.
  • Lodder GM, Scholte RH, Cillessen AH, Giletta M. Bully Victimization: Selection and Influence Within Adolescent Friendship Networks and Cliques. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45: 132-44. [CrossRef]
  • Craig W, Harel-Fisch Y, Fogel-Grinvald H, Dostaler S, Hetland J, Simons-Morton B, et al. A Cross-National Profile of Bullying and Victimization Among Adolescents in 40 Countries. Int J Public Health 2009; 54 (Supp 2): 216-24. [CrossRef]
  • Hesapçıoğlu ST, Yeşilova H. Feelings, Thoughts and Attitudes of High School Students Toward School Bullying and the Bullies. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2015; 16: 284-93. [CrossRef]
  • Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä M, Rantanen P, Rimpelä A. Bullying at School an Indicator of Adolescents at Risk for Mental Disorders. J Adolesc 2000; 23: 661-74. [CrossRef]
  • Copeland WE, Wolke D, Angold A, Costello EJ. Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Bullying and Being Bullied by Peers in Childhood and Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70: 419-26. [CrossRef]
  • Camodeca M, Goossens FA. Aggression, Social Cognitions, Anger and Sadness in Bullies and Victims. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005;46:186-97. [CrossRef]
  • Cook CR, Williams KR, Guerra NG, Kim TE, Sadek S. Predictors of Bullying and Victimization in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta- Analytic Investigation. Sch Psychol Q 2010; 25: 65-83. [CrossRef]
  • Nemiah JC, Freyberger H, Sifneos PE. Alexithymia: A View of the Psychosomatic Process. Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine, third edition, OW Hill (Ed.), London: Butterworths, 1976: 430-39.
  • Grynberg D, Luminet O, Corneille O, Grezes J, Berthoz S. Alexithymia in the Interpersonal Domain: A General Deficit of Empathy. Pers Individ Dif 2010; 49: 845-50. [CrossRef]
  • Feldmanhall O, Dalgleish T, Mobbs D. Alexithymia Decreases Altruism in Real Social Decisions. Cortex 2013; 49: 899-904. [CrossRef]
  • Velotti P, Garofalo C, Petrocchi C, Cavallo F, Popolo R, Dimaggio G. Alexithymia, Emotion Dysregulation, Impulsivity and Aggression: A Multiple Mediation Model. Psychiatry Res 2016; 237: 296-303. [CrossRef]
  • Smith KE, Hudson JL. Metacognitive Beliefs and Processes in Clinical Anxiety in Children. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2013; 42: 590-602. [CrossRef]
  • Wells A. Meta-Cognition and Worry: A Cognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Behav Cogn Psychother 1995;23:301- 20. [CrossRef]
  • Papageorgiou C, Wells A. An Empirical Test of a Clinical Metacognitive Model of Rumination and Depression. Cognit Ther Res 2003;27:261-73.
  • Fernandez-Duque D, Baird JA, Posner MI. Executive Attention and Metacognitive Regulation. Conscious Cogn 2000; 9: 288-307. [CrossRef]
  • Nelson TO, Kruglanski AW & Jost,JT (1998). Knowing Thyself and Others: Progress in Metacognitive Social Psychology. In V. Yzerbyt, G. Lories, & B. Dardenne (Eds.), Metacognition: Cognitive and Social Dimensions. London: Sage; 66-89.
  • Ayas T, Pişkin M. Akran Zorbalığı Belirleme Ölçeği Ergen Formu. Akademik Bakış Dergisi 2015; 50: 316-24.
  • Bagby RM, Parker JD, Taylor GJ. The Twenty- Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale--I: Item Selection and Cross-Validation of the Factor Structure. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38: 23-32.
  • Bolat N, Yavuz M, Eliaçık K, Zorlu A, Evren C, Köse S. Psychometric Properties of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in a Turkish Adolescent Sample. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2017; 18: 362-68. [CrossRef]
  • Bacow TL, Pincus DB, Ehrenreich JT, Brody LR. The metacognitions questionnaire for children: development and validation in a clinical sample of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23: 727-36. [CrossRef]
  • Irak M. Üstbiliş Ölçeği Çocuk ve Ergen Formunun Türkçe Standardizasyonu, Kaygı ve Obsesif-Kompulsif Belirtilerle İlişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Derg 2012; 23: 47-54. [CrossRef]
  • Goodman R. The Strengths and Diffuculties Questionnarie: A research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997; 38: 581-6.
  • Güvenir T, Özbek A, Baykara B, Arkar H, Şentürk B, İncekaş S. Güçler ve Güçlükler Anketi’nin (GGA) Türkçe Uyarlamasının Psikometrik Özellikleri. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Derg 2008; 15: 65-74.
  • Topçu AE, Dönmez A. Bir Grup Süreci Olarak Akran Zorbalığı: Katılımcı Rollerinin Cinsiyet ve Sosyal Statü Açısından İncelenmesi. Türk Psikol Derg 2015; 30: 1-13.
  • Cohen P, Cohen J, Kasen S, Velez CN, Hartmark C, Johnson J, et al. An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence--I. Age- and gender-specific prevalence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993; 34:851-67.
  • Bolat N, Yavuz M, Eliaçık K, Zorlu A. The Relationships Between Problematic Internet Use, Alexithymia Levels and Attachment Characteristics in a Sample of Adolescents in a High School, Turkey. Psychol Health Med 2018; 23: 604-11. [CrossRef]
  • Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, Simons-Morton B, Scheidt P. Bullying Behaviors Among US Youth: Prevalence and Association with Psychosocial Adjustment. JAMA 2001; 285: 2094-100.
  • Guzzo G, Pace U, Lo Cascio V, Craparo G, Schimmenti A. Bullying Victimization, Post-Traumatic Symptoms, and the Mediating Role of Alexithymia. Child Indic Res 2014; 7: 141-53.
  • Salmivalli C, Karhunen J, Lagerspetz, KMJ. How do the Victims Respond to Bullying? Aggress Behav 1996; 22: 99-109. [CrossRef]
  • Tseng MH, Henderson A, Chow SM, Yao G. Relationship between motor proficiency, attention, impulse, and activity in children with ADHD. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46:381-8.
  • Kelly EV, Newton NC, Stapinski LA, Slade T, Barrett EL, Conrod PJ, et al. Suicidality, Internalizing Problems and Externalizing Problems Among Adolescent Bullies, Victims and Bully-Victims. Prev Med 2015; 73: 100-5. [CrossRef]
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mesut Yavuz

Arzu Önal Sönmez

Selcan Arslandoğdu

Yasemin Gamze Aksoy

Zeynep Yentürk

Publication Date June 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020Issue: 2

Cite

EndNote Yavuz M, Sönmez AÖ, Arslandoğdu S, Aksoy YG, Yentürk Z (June 1, 2020) Akran Zorbalığının, Aleksitimi, Üst Biliş ve Eşlik Eden Ruhsal Sorunlar ile İlişkisi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2 257–263.