Research Article
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Identifying the Levels of COVID-19 Fear, Perceived Stress, and Psychological Resilience of the University Students Enrolled at the Health Programs

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 287 - 294, 17.03.2023

Fatma Tok Yıldız , İlknur Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.31067/acusaglik.1145205

Abstract

Purpose: All people especially students are affected psychosocially due to reasons such as distance education, uncertainty, loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was performed to identify the levels of COVID-19 fear, perceived stress, and psychological resilience of the university students studying at health programs.
Methods: A total of 518 students participated in this cross-sectional study. The research data were collected using the Descriptive Characteristics Form, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale-10, and the Brief Resilience Scale.
Results: The participant students had medium-level COVID-19 fear, perceived stress, and psychological resilience. It was found that the gender, having a family member who had COVID-19, and not having a family member who died of COVID-19 affected the participant students’ levels of COVID-19 fear, perceived stress, and psychological resilience.
Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic affected the health professional candidates’ fear, stress, and psychological resilience. The initiatives can be planned to reduce the negative effects of the pandemic and enhancing coping skills of university students studying in health programs.

Keywords

COVID-19 fear stress psychological resilience student

Project Number

-

References

  • Referans1. WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. (2021). (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019). Access date 29 January 2021.
  • Referans2. Kımter N. Examining the Psychological Resilience Levels of Individuals in the Days of Covid-19 in Terms of Some Variables. IBAD Journal of Social Sciences (Special Issue). 2020; 574-605. (Doi: 10.21733/ibad.805481).
  • Referans3. Kluge HP. Statement-physical and mental health key to resilience during COVID-19 pandemic. World Health Organization. 2020. (https://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/statements/2020/statement-physical-and-mental-health-key-to-resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic). Access date 29 January 2021.
  • Referans4. Bekaroğlu E, Yılmaz T. COVID-19 and psychological effects: A review in clinical psychology perspective. Nesne. 2020; 8(18): 573-584. (Doi: 10.7816/nesne-08-18-14).
  • Referans5. Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, et al. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: A study on active Weibo users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):2032. (Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062032).
  • Referans6. Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, et al. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2020; 74(4): 281-282. (Doi:10.1111/pcn.12988).
  • Referans7. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5): 1729. (Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729).
  • Referans8. Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD. The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2020; 2(1): 58-63.
  • Referans9. Bozdağ F. Psychological Resilience during Pandemic. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(6): 247-257. (Doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.44890).
  • Referans10. YÖK.COVID-19 Information. 2021. (https://covid19.yok.gov.tr/AnaSayfa) Access date 29 January 2021.
  • Referans11. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 287: 112934. (Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934).
  • Referans12. Duman N. Covid-19 fear and intolerance to uncertainty in university students. The Journal of Social Science. 2020; 4(8): 426-437. (Doi: 10.30520/tjsosci.748404).
  • Referans13. Elsharkawy NB, Abdelaziz EM. Levels of fear and uncertainty regarding the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) among university students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020; 1-9. (Doi: 10.1111/ppc.12698).
  • Referans14. Aslan H, Pekince H. Nursing students’ views on the COVID‐19 pandemic and their percieved stress levels. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020; 1-7. (Doi: 10.1111/ppc.12597).
  • Referans15. Labrague LJ, De los Santos JAA, Falguera CC. Social and emotional loneliness among college students during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The predictive role of coping behaviors, social support, and personal resilience. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2021; 1–7. (Doi: 10.1111/ppc.12721).
  • Referans16. Terzi̇ D, Akalın R, Erdal B. The Effect of Covid-19 outbreak on education of health science students: Example of Tekirdağ Namik Kemal University Health Services Vocational. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi. 2020; 8(3): 279-287. (Doi:10.37696/nkmj.751961).
  • Referans17. Karasar N. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi Kavramlar İlkeler Teknikler. Ankara, Nobel; 2018.
  • Referans18. Kish L. Survey Sampling. London, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1995.
  • Referans19. Satıcı B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, et al. Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2020; 1-9. (Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0).
  • Referans20. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein RA. Global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983; 24(4): 385–396. (Doi: 10.2307/2136404).
  • ReferansReferans21. Eskin M, Harlak H, Demirkıran F, et al. The adaptation of the perceived stress scale Into Turkish: a reliability and validity analysis. New/Yeni Symposium Journal. 2013; 51(3): 132‐140.
  • Referans22. Smith B, Dalen J, Wiggins K, et al. The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2008; 15(3): 194–200. (Doi: 10.1080/10705500802222972).
  • Referans23. Doğan T. Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being. 2015; 3(1): 93-102.
  • Referans24. Artan T, Atak I, Karaman M, et al. Relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, psychological resilience and anxiety levels in the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(6): 79-94. (Doi:10.7827/TurkishStudies.43882).
  • Referans25. Özdin S, Bayrak‐Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkish society: the importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2020; 66(5): 504‐511. (Doi: 10.1177/0020764020927051).
  • Referans26. Tutal V, Efe M. Examining individuals psychological resilience and Covid-19 fears according to various variables. The Journal of International Social Research. 2020; 13(74): 318-325.
  • Referans27. Ersin F, Kartal M. The determination of the perceived stress levels and health‐protective behaviors of nursing students during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020; 1-7. (Doi: 10.1111/ppc.12636).
  • Referans28. Göksu Ö, Kumcağız H. Perceived stress level and anxiety levels in individuals in Covid-19 outbreak. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(4): 463-479.
  • Referans29. Buheji M, Jahrami H, Dhahi AS. Minimising stress exposure during pandemics similar to COVID‐19. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. 2020; 10(1): 9‐16. (Doi:10.5923/j.ijpbs.20201001.02).
  • Referans30. Masten AS, Gewirtz AH, Sapienza JK. Resilience in Development: The Importance of Early Childhood. In: Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Peters RDeV, eds. Masten AS, topic ed. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. 2013. (http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/resilience/according-experts/resilience-development-importance early-childhood). Access date 27 2021.
  • Referans31. Bilge Y, Bilge Y. Investigation of the effects of corona virus pandemic and social isolation on psychological symptoms in terms of psychological resilience and coping styles (tur). The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2020; 23(1): 38-51. (Doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.66934).
  • Referans32. Kasapoğlu F. Examination of the relationship between anxiety with spirituality, resilience and intolerance of uncertainty in the COVID-19 outbreak process. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(4): 599-614.
  • Referans33. Kılınç T, Sis Çelik A. Relationship between the Social Support and Psychological Resilience Levels Perceived by Nurses during the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Study from Turkey. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020; 1-9. (Doi: 10.1111/ppc.12648).
  • Referans34. Tekin Atay Ü, Dinçer NN, Uçan Yarkaç F, et al. Evaluation of Fear and Anxiety Levels of Postgraduate Students in Dentistry During Covid-19 Pandemic. Necmettin Erbakan University Dental Journal. 2020; 2(3): 86-93. (Doi: 10.51122/neudentj.2020.1.).
  • Referans35. Memiş Doğan M, Düzel B. Fear-Anxiety Levels in Covid-19. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(4): 739 752.
  • Referans36. Kul A, Demir R, Katmer AN. Meaning of life and anxiety as predictors of psycholological resilience during the Covid-19 epidemic. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(6): 695-719.
  • Referans37. Yazıcı Çelebi̇ G. Investigation of reactions to the Covid-19 outbreak in terms of psychological resilience. IBAD Journal of Social Sciences. 2020; 8: 471-483. (Doi:10.21733/ibad.737406).
  • Referans38. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, et al. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2020; 27: 1-9. (Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8).
  • Referans39. Yıldırım M, Güler A. Positivity explains how COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness. Personality and Individual Differences. 2021; 168: 110347. (Doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110347).

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 287 - 294, 17.03.2023

Fatma Tok Yıldız , İlknur Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.31067/acusaglik.1145205

Abstract

Supporting Institution

Çalışma için herhangi bir finansal destek alınmamıştır.

Project Number

-

Thanks

Çalışmaya katılan tüm öğrencilerimize teşekkür ediyoruz.

References

  • Referans1. WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. (2021). (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019). Access date 29 January 2021.
  • Referans2. Kımter N. Examining the Psychological Resilience Levels of Individuals in the Days of Covid-19 in Terms of Some Variables. IBAD Journal of Social Sciences (Special Issue). 2020; 574-605. (Doi: 10.21733/ibad.805481).
  • Referans3. Kluge HP. Statement-physical and mental health key to resilience during COVID-19 pandemic. World Health Organization. 2020. (https://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/statements/2020/statement-physical-and-mental-health-key-to-resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic). Access date 29 January 2021.
  • Referans4. Bekaroğlu E, Yılmaz T. COVID-19 and psychological effects: A review in clinical psychology perspective. Nesne. 2020; 8(18): 573-584. (Doi: 10.7816/nesne-08-18-14).
  • Referans5. Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, et al. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: A study on active Weibo users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):2032. (Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062032).
  • Referans6. Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, et al. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2020; 74(4): 281-282. (Doi:10.1111/pcn.12988).
  • Referans7. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5): 1729. (Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729).
  • Referans8. Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD. The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2020; 2(1): 58-63.
  • Referans9. Bozdağ F. Psychological Resilience during Pandemic. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(6): 247-257. (Doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.44890).
  • Referans10. YÖK.COVID-19 Information. 2021. (https://covid19.yok.gov.tr/AnaSayfa) Access date 29 January 2021.
  • Referans11. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 287: 112934. (Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934).
  • Referans12. Duman N. Covid-19 fear and intolerance to uncertainty in university students. The Journal of Social Science. 2020; 4(8): 426-437. (Doi: 10.30520/tjsosci.748404).
  • Referans13. Elsharkawy NB, Abdelaziz EM. Levels of fear and uncertainty regarding the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) among university students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020; 1-9. (Doi: 10.1111/ppc.12698).
  • Referans14. Aslan H, Pekince H. Nursing students’ views on the COVID‐19 pandemic and their percieved stress levels. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020; 1-7. (Doi: 10.1111/ppc.12597).
  • Referans15. Labrague LJ, De los Santos JAA, Falguera CC. Social and emotional loneliness among college students during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The predictive role of coping behaviors, social support, and personal resilience. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2021; 1–7. (Doi: 10.1111/ppc.12721).
  • Referans16. Terzi̇ D, Akalın R, Erdal B. The Effect of Covid-19 outbreak on education of health science students: Example of Tekirdağ Namik Kemal University Health Services Vocational. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi. 2020; 8(3): 279-287. (Doi:10.37696/nkmj.751961).
  • Referans17. Karasar N. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi Kavramlar İlkeler Teknikler. Ankara, Nobel; 2018.
  • Referans18. Kish L. Survey Sampling. London, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1995.
  • Referans19. Satıcı B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, et al. Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2020; 1-9. (Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0).
  • Referans20. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein RA. Global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983; 24(4): 385–396. (Doi: 10.2307/2136404).
  • ReferansReferans21. Eskin M, Harlak H, Demirkıran F, et al. The adaptation of the perceived stress scale Into Turkish: a reliability and validity analysis. New/Yeni Symposium Journal. 2013; 51(3): 132‐140.
  • Referans22. Smith B, Dalen J, Wiggins K, et al. The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2008; 15(3): 194–200. (Doi: 10.1080/10705500802222972).
  • Referans23. Doğan T. Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being. 2015; 3(1): 93-102.
  • Referans24. Artan T, Atak I, Karaman M, et al. Relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, psychological resilience and anxiety levels in the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(6): 79-94. (Doi:10.7827/TurkishStudies.43882).
  • Referans25. Özdin S, Bayrak‐Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkish society: the importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2020; 66(5): 504‐511. (Doi: 10.1177/0020764020927051).
  • Referans26. Tutal V, Efe M. Examining individuals psychological resilience and Covid-19 fears according to various variables. The Journal of International Social Research. 2020; 13(74): 318-325.
  • Referans27. Ersin F, Kartal M. The determination of the perceived stress levels and health‐protective behaviors of nursing students during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020; 1-7. (Doi: 10.1111/ppc.12636).
  • Referans28. Göksu Ö, Kumcağız H. Perceived stress level and anxiety levels in individuals in Covid-19 outbreak. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(4): 463-479.
  • Referans29. Buheji M, Jahrami H, Dhahi AS. Minimising stress exposure during pandemics similar to COVID‐19. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. 2020; 10(1): 9‐16. (Doi:10.5923/j.ijpbs.20201001.02).
  • Referans30. Masten AS, Gewirtz AH, Sapienza JK. Resilience in Development: The Importance of Early Childhood. In: Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Peters RDeV, eds. Masten AS, topic ed. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. 2013. (http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/resilience/according-experts/resilience-development-importance early-childhood). Access date 27 2021.
  • Referans31. Bilge Y, Bilge Y. Investigation of the effects of corona virus pandemic and social isolation on psychological symptoms in terms of psychological resilience and coping styles (tur). The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2020; 23(1): 38-51. (Doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.66934).
  • Referans32. Kasapoğlu F. Examination of the relationship between anxiety with spirituality, resilience and intolerance of uncertainty in the COVID-19 outbreak process. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(4): 599-614.
  • Referans33. Kılınç T, Sis Çelik A. Relationship between the Social Support and Psychological Resilience Levels Perceived by Nurses during the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Study from Turkey. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020; 1-9. (Doi: 10.1111/ppc.12648).
  • Referans34. Tekin Atay Ü, Dinçer NN, Uçan Yarkaç F, et al. Evaluation of Fear and Anxiety Levels of Postgraduate Students in Dentistry During Covid-19 Pandemic. Necmettin Erbakan University Dental Journal. 2020; 2(3): 86-93. (Doi: 10.51122/neudentj.2020.1.).
  • Referans35. Memiş Doğan M, Düzel B. Fear-Anxiety Levels in Covid-19. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(4): 739 752.
  • Referans36. Kul A, Demir R, Katmer AN. Meaning of life and anxiety as predictors of psycholological resilience during the Covid-19 epidemic. Turkish Studies. 2020; 15(6): 695-719.
  • Referans37. Yazıcı Çelebi̇ G. Investigation of reactions to the Covid-19 outbreak in terms of psychological resilience. IBAD Journal of Social Sciences. 2020; 8: 471-483. (Doi:10.21733/ibad.737406).
  • Referans38. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, et al. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2020; 27: 1-9. (Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8).
  • Referans39. Yıldırım M, Güler A. Positivity explains how COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness. Personality and Individual Differences. 2021; 168: 110347. (Doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110347).
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nursing
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatma Tok Yıldız 0000-0001-7543-2076

İlknur Yıldız 0000-0002-2574-7018

Project Number -
Publication Date March 17, 2023
Submission Date July 18, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

EndNote Tok Yıldız F, Yıldız İ (March 1, 2023) Identifying the Levels of COVID-19 Fear, Perceived Stress, and Psychological Resilience of the University Students Enrolled at the Health Programs. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 14 2 287–294.
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